S. Pousga, H. Boly, J.E. Lindberg and B. Ogle 1

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 6 (9): , 2007 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2007 Evlution of Trditionl Sorghum (Sorghum icolor) Beer Residue, She-Nut (Vitellri prdox) Cke nd Cottonseed (Gossypium Spp) Cke for Poultry in Burkin Fso: Avilility nd Amino Acid Digestiility S. Pousg, H. Boly, J.E. Linderg nd B. Ogle 1 Centre Ntionl de l Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, P.O. Box 7047, Ougdougou, Burkin-Fso 2 Universite de Ougdougou, Lortoire de physiologie Animle,, UFR/SVT BP 7021, Ougdougou, Burkin-Fso Deprtment of Animl Nutrition nd Mngement, Swedish University of Agriculturl Sciences, P.O. Box 7024, S , Uppsl, Sweden 3 Astrct: The present study imed to evlute the nutritive vlue for chickens of some locl y-products in Burkin Fso nd to estimte their true mino cid digestiility in cockerels. Sun-dried sorghum (Sorghum icolor) eer residue (n = 144) nd she-nut (Vitellri prdox) cke (n = 36) smples were collected in two different loctions during six months, while cottonseed (Gossypium spp) cke smples were purchsed monthly in locl mrket for the sme period (n = 24). Men Dry Mtter (DM) content of eer residue ws 94.7% nd Crude Protein (CP), Ether Extrct (EE), Crude Fire (CF), Clcium (C), Phosphorus (P) nd Metolizle Energy (ME) contents were 23.4, 5.6, 8.5, 0.14 nd 0.25% of DM nd 13.4 MJ/kg, respectively. Men lysine, methionine, cystine nd threonine contents were 0.87, 0.44, 0.41 nd 0.63%, respectively nd the corresponding true excret digestiility vlues were 92, 98, 95 nd 97%. Men DM content of she-nut cke ws 95.6% nd CP, EE, CF, C, P nd ME contents were 6.7, 7.3, 10.9, 0.40 nd 0.19% nd 13.1 MJ/kg, respectively. Lysine, methionine, cystine nd threonine contents were 0.27, 0.14, 0.09 nd 0.23% nd the true digestiility vlues were 96, 78, 88 nd 77%, respectively. Men DM, CP, EE, CF, C, P nd ME contents of cottonseed cke were 94.8, 44.3, 5.9, 9.9, 0.34 nd 1.3% nd 12.7 MJ/kg. Lysine, methionine, cystine nd threonine contents were 1.6, 0.80, 0.82 nd 1.9% nd the true digestiility vlues were 89, 97, 98 nd 94%. Overll, higher nutritive vlues were found for smples collected etween Octoer nd Decemer nd no difference ws found etween loctions. Key words: Amino cid digestiility, eer residue, Burkin Fso, cockerels cottonseed cke, she-nut cke Introduction Studies on the nutritionl sttus of villge chickens in Burkin Fso show tht scvenged feeds re minly source of energy nd therefore ny supplementtion should e done with protein-rich feedstuffs (Pousg et l., 2005; Kondomo, 2005). However, in West Afric conventionl poultry feed ingredients, prticulrly protein supplements, re expensive nd not lwys redily ville (Olorede et l., 1999). According to FAO (1984), when feed resources re limited, the est pproch is to utilize crop residues nd gro-industril y-products more efficiently. The min loclly ville potentil protein feeds for poultry in Burkin Fso, which re not in competition with humns, re she-nut cke, locl eer residue nd cottonseed cke. Burkin Fso is the first cotton producer in Su-Shrn Afric, the second she-nut producer nd sorghum production in the country is the highest mong the cerels grown (Mission Economique, 2006). Annul production ws estimted to e 750,000, 122,100 nd 1,552,900 tonnes, respectively, for cotton, she-nut nd sorghum (Mission Economique, 2006). Mny developing countries re selfsufficient in monogstric met ut few re self-relint, since they hve to import most of the inputs (FAO, 1995). Very little reserch hs een done in Burkin Fso to find lterntive feeds to cerels nd imported fishmel nd soyen mel. Thus, there is need to develop lterntive feeding systems in the country, sed for exmple on cottonseed cke, she-nut cke nd locl eer residue. Cottonseed cke is firly common poultry feed ingredient in Burkin Fso, ut she-nut cke nd eer residue re rrely used non-conventionl feedstuffs nd there is little informtion on their nutritive vlue nd digestiility. All dietry components, such s mino cids, vitmins nd minerls re importnt when formulting feeds for poultry, ut criticl ttention should e given to the dietry mino cids, s pproximtely 25% of the cost of prcticl poultry diets cn e ccounted for y mino cids (McN, 1994). Methods to estimte the digestiility of mino cids in chickens hve een developed nd tested y numerous uthors (Likuski nd 666

2 Pousg et l.: Locl By-Products in Burkin Fso Dorrell, 1978; Sild, 1979; Song et l., 2003). (1978), Sild (1979) nd Song et l. (2003) However, there is still dete s to the ccurcy nd suitility of the different methods used. According to Borin et l. (2002), esides the scientific spects, the ppropriteness of the methods to e used must e sed on the locl context nd ville fcilities nd e economiclly vile. A review y McN (1994) of the different methods used for determintion of mino cid digestiility concluded tht the digestiility vlues sed on the excret from norml intct irds hve the decided dvntge of simplicity over those tken from cecectomized irds or of vlues sed on ilel concentrtions. The overll ojectives of this study were to determine the proximte composition nd mino cid digestiility of three locl y-products in Burkin Fso collected in different loctions nd t different times of the yer. Mterils nd Methods Site: This study includes collection nd nlysis of three loclly ville y-products in Burkin Fso nd digestiility tril. Smples of sorghum (Sorghum icolor) eer residue nd she-nut (Vitellri prdox) cke were collected in two different loctions, Spone in the Centrl Region nd Boo-Dioulsso in the South, while cottonseed (Gossypium spp) cke ws ought in locl mrket in Ougdougou. Boo-Dioulsso is situted t round 365 km from Ougdougou, in the Su-humid zone, while Spone is in the Soudno-Shelin zone. The digestiility tril ws crried out in the INAGOR Reserch Centre, situted in Spone, round 35 km South of Ougdougou. Smple collection: Three loclly ville y-products, she-nut cke, eer residue nd cottonseed cke were evluted. The crops from which they originted re hrvested only once per yer: From Octoer to Decemer for sorghum nd cotton nd from June to Septemer for she-nut. She-nut cke nd eer residue were collected, lredy sun-dried, from three households in ech of the two loctions (Spone nd Boo-Dioulsso) from July to Decemer, representing three months of the riny seson (July to Septemer) nd three months of the dry seson (Octoer to Decemer). Cottonseed cke smples were collected in the sme period. Smple collection ws done four times per month, ccording to the y-product vilility. Experimentl nimls: Thirty six crossred cockerels (RIR locl hens) of etween 0.5 nd 0.6 kg live weight were pired on weight sis nd plced in individul metolism cges ( m). Experimentl ssy for mino cid digestiility determintion: A force-feeding tril ws crried out ccording to the procedures of Likuski nd Dorrell 667 concerning the feeding technique nd the estimtion of endogenous mino cids. Smples of she-nut cke nd sorghum eer residue from the two loctions (Spone nd Boo-Dioulsso) were pooled nd ech of the three y-products ws tested with six replictions of two irds per tretment (pired on weight sis, designted fed nd fsted). The irds were strved for 24 hours prior to the eginning of the experiment, ut given free ccess to wter. Therefter, one of ech pir ws rndomly selected nd force-fed 8 g of its respective smple nd returned to the cge over clen excret collection try nd ws llowed to sty for further 48 hours. The other memer of ech pir continued without feed for the sme period nd ws referred to s the fsted memer, while the former ws the fed memer. Both the fed nd fsted irds hd free ccess to wter. Excret were collected for 48 hours fter force-feeding, three times per dy nd stored t 4 C, then oven dried t 60 C. Excret smples were pooled per group of three irds nd per feedstuff, then ground in Cyclotec grinder to pss through 1 mm screen nd stored in ir-tight smple ottles for mino cid nlysis. Chemicl nlysis of the feedstuffs collected: The collected smples were pooled within feedstuff, to get two smples per month nd stored for nlysis. Smples were nlyzed for proximte composition using stndrd methods: Dry Mtter (DM) ws determined fter drying t 60 nd 103 C nd the Kjeldhl method (AOAC, 1985) ws used for determintion of Crude Protein (CP) (N*6.25). ADF ws determined ccording to AOAC (1985), NDF ccording to Chi nd Uden (1998) nd Ether Extrct (EE) ws determined fter cid hydrolysis. Totl Ash ws determined y urning t 550 C (3 hours) nd minerls y flme spectrometry. Amino cids were determined using stndrd methods (AnlyCen, Lidköping, Sweden). Metolisle energy ws clculted ccording to INRA (1987) using the following formul: True ME (MJ/kg dry mtter) = ( EE-88.7CF- 40.8Ash) * Amino Acid (AA) digestiility: The AA digestiility coefficients were clculted ccording to McN (1994): AA consumed-aa in feces Totl trct AA digestiility = AA consumed AAC- (AAF-EAAF) True AA digestiility = AAC AAC = mino cid consumed AAF = mino cid in feces from fed irds EAAF = endogenous mino cids in feces from unfed irds

3 Pousg et l.: Locl By-Products in Burkin Fso Tle 1: Chemicl composition of sorghum eer residue from two res of Burkin Fso (% of DM) (n = 144) Item Boo-Dioulsso* Spone** SEM P-vlue Dry mtter Orgnic mtter Ash Crude protein Ether extrct Crude fire NDF ADF ME (MJ/kg)*** *Su-humid zone, **Soudno-Shelin zone, ***Clculted vlues, ccording to INERA, Sttisticl nlysis: Dt were sujected to the GLM procedure in MINITAB 14 (Minit, 2000). Pirwise comprisons were mde using the Tukey Test to compre the effect of loction nd month on the chemicl composition of the y-products. Results Avilility of the y-products: Locl eer residue is ville in Burkin Fso fter home rewing, usully done y women. Normlly red sorghum, yest nd wter re the sole ingredients, lthough red sorghum is often replced y millet nd milo, ccording to trdition nd vilility. She-nut cke is y-product of the indigenous technology for extrction of ft from the kernel of the she utter tree (Butyrospermum prkii or Vitellri prdox). The She tree is scred tree in the Shel region of Afric nd is 15 to 20m high with stout trunk nd lrge lethery ovl leves (Göhl, 1981). It grows only in the wild, is very difficult to cultivte nd cn live for severl hundred yers (Kriderm, 2006). Hrvesting the nuts nd mking the utter hve trditionlly een womens work. The processing technique includes oiling, rosting nd frying. Cottonseed cke is ville in Burkin Fso fter oil extrction in the fctories. Two types of cottonseed cke re produced: decorticted expeller, which is fed to monogstric nimls nd non-decorticted expeller cke, which is fed to ruminnts. Only smples of decorticted expeller cke were collected in this study. Chemicl composition of the y-products: The proximte composition of the eer residues from the two loctions nd ccording to month is shown in Tle 1 nd 2. The dt show cceptle Crude Protein (CP), Metolizle Energy (ME) nd Ether Extrct (EE) vlues, ut minerl nd mino cid concentrtions were low. Men Dry Mtter (DM), CP, EE, Crude Fire (CF) nd ME contents were 94.7, 23.4, 5.6, 8.5% nd 13.4 MJ/kg, respectively. The contents of CF, NDF nd ADF were significntly higher in Spone (9.0, 49.5 nd 31.3% of DM, respectively) compred to Boo-Dioulsso (7.9, 40.1 nd 20.7%, respectively). No significnt differences were found etween the two loctions for the other proximte components. The DM content of sun-dried eer residue ws significntly higher in Octoer nd Novemer (95.9 nd 95.8%), thn in August (92.2%). Ether extrct ws highest in Octoer, Novemer nd Decemer (7.0, 8.7 nd 6.5%, respectively) nd lowest in July nd August (4.7 nd 3.8%, respectively). No significnt loction nd month effects were found for Orgnic Mtter (OM), CP nd Ash content. The overll vlues for minerl nd mino cid contents re shown in Tle 3. Men clcium nd phosphorus contents were 0.14 nd 0.25% nd lysine, methionine, cystine nd threonine contents were 0.87, 0.44, 0.41 nd 0.63% of DM, respectively. The proximte composition of she-nut cke collected from the two loctions is presented in Tle 4. Men DM, CP, EE, CF nd ME contents were 95.6, 6.7, 7.3, 10.9% nd 13.1 MJ/kg, respectively. No significnt difference ws found in proximte composition etween the two loctions. However, OM, CP nd ME contents were numericlly higher in Boo-Dioulsso (94.5 nd 7.4% nd 13.3 MJ/kg, respectively) compred to Spone (93.3 nd 5.9% nd 12.9 MJ/kg, respectively), while Ash, CF nd EE were higher in Spone (6.7, 11.5 nd 8.0%, respectively) compred to Boo-Dioulsso (5.4, 10.3 nd 6.6%, respectively) (p>0.05). Men clcium nd phosphorus contents were 0.40 nd 0.19%, respectively. Amino cid contents were 0.27, 0.14, 0.09 nd 0.23%, respectively, for lysine, methionine, cystine nd threonine (Tle 3). Anlysis dt for cottonseed cke re given in Tle 5. Men DM, CP, EE, CF nd ME contents were 94.8, 44.3, 5.9, 9.9% nd 12.7 MJ/kg, respectively. No significnt differences were found ccording to month of collection for DM nd OM content. However, Ash nd fire contents were higher from July to Octoer, while CP nd ME were highest in Novemer nd Decemer (p<0.05). Men clcium nd phosphorus contents were 0.34 nd 1.3%, respectively nd lysine, methionine, cystine nd threonine contents were 1.6, 0.80, 0.82 nd 1.9%, respectively (Tle 3). Amino cid digestiility of locl eer residue, she-nut cke nd cottonseed cke in cockerels: Apprent nd true DM nd mino cid digestiility dt re shown in Tle 6. True digestiility coefficients show tht 93% of the DM in locl eer residue ws digestile nd the most importnt mino cids, lysine, methionine, cystine nd threonine, were 92, 98, 95 nd 97 percent digested, respectively. In she-nut cke DM digestiility ws 96% nd lysine, methionine, cystine nd threonine were 96, 78, 88 nd 77% digested, respectively. Dry mtter digestiility in cottonseed cke ws 91% nd lysine, methionine cystine nd threonine digestiility vlues were 89, 97, 98 nd 94%, respectively. 668

4 Pousg et l.: Locl By-Products in Burkin Fso Tle 2: Monthly vrition in the chemicl composition of locl sorghum eer residue (% of DM) (n = 144)* Item July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Men Mx Min SEM P-vlue DM OM Ash CP EE CF NDF ADF ME (MJ/kg)** 13.5 c c *Totl smples from Spone nd Boo-Dioulsso, **Clculted vlues, ccording to INRA, 1987 Tle 3: Minerl nd mino cid composition of the y-products, mximum, minimum nd men vlues (% of DM) (n = 12) Sorghum eer residue She-nut cke Cottonseed cke Item Mx Min Men SD Mx Min Men SD Mx Min Men SD Clcium Phosphorus Mgnesium Potssium Sodium Lysine Methionine Cystine Threonine Tle 4: Chemicl composition of trditionl she-nut cke from two climtic zones of Burkin Fso (% of DM) (n = 36) Item Boo-Dioulsso* Spone** Men Mx Min SEM P-vlue Dry mtter Orgnic mtter Ash Crude protein Ether Extrct Crude fire NDF ADF ME (MJ/kg)*** *Su-humid zone, **Soudno-Shelin zone, ***Clculted vlue, ccording to INRA, 1987 Tle 5: Monthly vrition in the chemicl composition of decorticted expeller cottonseed cke (% of DM) (n = 24) Item July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Men Mx Min SEM P-vlue DM OM Ash CP EE CF NDF ADF ME (MJ/kg)* *Clculted vlues, ccording to INRA, 1987 Discussion Locl eer, clled dolo, is n importnt lcoholic drink in Burkin Fso. Little pulished dt re ville on the utilistion of the residue fter locl lcohol preprtion nd trditionlly, eer residue is given to pigs in the rurl res (Bosm et l., 2004). Kondomo (2005) crried out feeding tril with chickens using sorghum eer residue nd found tht it ws not very pltle. She-nut residue fter oil extrction is not used s feed for livestock in Burkin Fso nd there is little dt concerning the utiliztion of this y-product in the country. Trditionlly, the residue is used y women s fuel nd s source of potssium for trditionl sop mnufcture (Kriderm, 2006). The most common vriety of cotton cultivted in Burkin Fso is gossypolfree ( glndless vriety) nd the seeds re used in oth 669

5 Pousg et l.: Locl By-Products in Burkin Fso Tle 6: Dry mtter nd pprent nd true essentil mino cid digestiility in young cockerels of sorghum eer residue, she-nut cke nd cottonseed cke in Burkin Fso (% of DM) Sorghum eer residue She-nut cke Cottonseed cke Item Apprent True Apprent True Apprent True Dry mtter Lysine Methionine Cystine Threonine humn nutrition nd for livestock (Schwrtz, 1993; trditionl oil extrction in Burkin Fso includes INERA, 1995). The cottonseed cke which is used in rosting nd frying for severl hours to seprte the oil monogstric niml feeding is decorticted expeller, from the nut nd this cn led to protein degrdtion, s while the non-decorticted expeller is given to indicted y the lck colour of the cke. It ws lso ruminnts. reported tht trditionl rtisn methods leve higher The chemicl composition of trditionl sorghum eer proportion of oil in the residue compred to commercil residue in this study is similr to the dt otined in techniques (Niess, 1983), s ws found in the present Ethiopi y Demeke (2007) for trditionlly rewed eer study. The differences oserved etween the two residue. However, proximte composition dt show loctions cn lso e explined y differences in higher nutritive content compred to vlues reported for processing method or y contmintion. Unlike locl dried rewer s grin in Afric (Göhl, 1981), in prticulr eer residue, she-nut residue is not ville on for DM, CP, clcium nd phosphorus. This difference regulr sis in the sme household. Oil extrction is ws proly result of differences in the type of done on n irregulr sis t different-times y groups cerel used for eer rewing nd lso due to differences of women ccording to time vilility. This explins the etween trditionl nd commercil rewing sence of dt on the chemicl composition of shetechniques. The differences otined in fire content nut cke in different months in the present study. Severl etween the two loctions in this study cn e explined uthors found tht she-nut cke is unpltle to y possile differences in sorghum processing fter livestock due to its itter tste nd it hs een shown to hrvesting the cerel, or due to the different vrieties of contin nti-nutritionl fctors such s sponins nd sorghum used in the two loctions, s there re more theoromine (Atuhene et l., 1998) which cn e thn thirty vrieties of sorghum grown in Burkin Fso deleterious to chick helth (Owusu-Domfeh et l., 1978; (Sereme et l., 1994). The higher DM nd EE content Clrke nd Clrke, 1979). from Novemer to Decemer cn e ttriuted to the fct The nutrient composition of cottonseed cke used in tht sorghum is hrvested etween Octoer nd monogstric feeds in Burkin Fso is similr to vlues Novemer in Burkin Fso nd is stored nd used over found for glndless cottonseed cke nd expeller cke the following 12 months. Therefore, the chemicl in Indi (Nglkshmi et l., 2007) nd is lso similr to components my undergo some chnges during the dt of Smith (2001). The higher level of sh nd storge. The differences seen in chemicl composition fire from July to Octoer cn e ttriuted to the long cn lso e result of vritions in rewing techniques. period of storge nd possile contmintion of the Despite the reltively high nutritive vlue of sorghum seeds, s cotton is hrvested from Novemer to eer residue, it is importnt to note tht it my contin Decemer nd the seeds re stored nd used high tnnin levels nd vrieties with high tnnin levels throughout the following 12 months for oil extrction. (more thn 0.2%) re generlly used in Burkin Fso for This cn lso explin the higher level of ME nd CP in locl lcoholic drinks (Sereme et l., 1994). smples from Novemer to Decemer compred to July The men CP content of she-nut cke (6.7%) ws to Octoer. However, nother possile explntion could lower compred to dt from other studies showing CP e the difference in growing conditions etween 2005 contents of etween 16-18% (Morgn nd Trinder, 1980; nd 2006 for the crop hrvested in Novemer- Göhl, 1981; Atuhene et l., 1998; Olorede et l., 1999). Decemer. The men EE content in our study (7.3%) ws higher Bsed on chemicl nlysis, the y-products nlyzed compred to the dt of Morgn nd Trinder (1980) nd in this study seem to e potentilly useful in chicken Göhl (1981), who reported vlues of round 4%. The nutrition, lthough proximte nlysis hs een shown differences seen in the chemicl composition of she- to e of limited vlue in defining feed qulity nd nut cke in this study compred to other reports, therefore digestiility dt should lso e tken into especilly regrding CP nd EE contents, cn e ccount (Morgn nd Trinder, 1980). explined y possile differences in the vriety of she Cottonseed cke mino cid digestiility vlues re tree, in the processing method or contmintion. The close to vlues found y Perez-Mldondo (2000) in 670

6 Pousg et l.: Locl By-Products in Burkin Fso Austrli. Despite the reltively high fire contents of the y-products, the digestiility vlues of the importnt essentil mino cids indicte tht they could e of vlue s ingredients in chickens feed. In prticulr the protein content of locl eer residue nd cottonseed cke indictes their potentil vlue for monogstrics, lthough the CP content in she-nut cke is too low for it to e useful. However, these feedstuffs hve een exposed to het nd pressure during processing, which re necessry to inctivte some ntinutritionl fctors in the rw mteril (Gtel, 1994; Nglkshmi et l., 2007), ut result in chemicl rections etween proteinound mino cids nd reducing compounds present in the feed mtrix, which my render some of the mino cids nutritionlly unville for the niml (Hodgkinson, 2006). Lysine is the mino cid which is most ffected y processing s it is more exposed to erly Millrd rections, which provoke the formtion of rected lysine (Amdori compounds) which is prtilly sored from the gut ut hs no nutritionl vlue to the nimls (Hurrell nd Crpenter, 1981). Moreover, proportion of the rected lysine derivtives re cid lile nd cn revert ck to lysine during the cid hydrolysis step of conventionl mino cid nlysis, ut this does not occur in the niml s digestive trct (Rutherfurd et l., 1997; Moughn, 2005). Consequently, the lysine concentrtions of the feed nd excret, determined y conventionl mino cid nlysis, will e overestimted nd the conventionl true digestiility ssy will overestimte the mounts of ville lysine nd possily other mino cids for the niml. This cn explin the higher digestiility coefficients (92, 96 nd 89%, respectively, for eer residue, she-nut cke nd cottonseed cke) otined in this study. Therefore, other methods of evlution, such s iossys (Rutherfurd et l., 1997) nd feeding trils re necessry to evlute the effect of different inclusion levels in the diet on growth nd egg production performnce. In ddition, studies on the utilistion of she-nut cke y poultry should e done on oil cke from commercil press extrction, due to its higher protein content, rther thn the cke from trditionl oil extrction. Acknowledgements Finncil support of the present work y the Swedish Interntionl Development Agency, Deprtment for Reserch Coopertion (Sid/SAREC) is grtefully cknowledged. We lso thnk Mr Sndwidi Alidou, the mnger of the INAGOR Reserch Centre, for technicl ssistnce. References AOAC, Officil Methods of Anlysis, AOAC Interntionl, Wshington DC, pp: 957. Atuhene, C.C., A. Donkoh nd F. Asnte, Vlue of shenut cke s dietry ingredient for roiler chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., 72: Borin, K., B. Ogle nd J.E. Linderg, Methods nd techniques for the determintion of mino cid digestiility: A review. Liv. Res. Rurl. Dev., 14: 6, Bosm, R.H., L.C. Zongo, A. Sne, C. Zoungrn nd A. Soudre, Comprison prticiptoire de trois methodes d'engrissement des porcs dns les provinces du Snguie et du Bulkiemde u Burkin Fso. Liv. Res. Rurl. Dev., 16: 2, http: // Chi, W. nd P. Uden, An lterntive oven method comined with different detergent strengths in the nlysis of neutrl detergent fier. Anim.Feed Sci. Tech., 74: Clrke, E.G.C. nd M.L. Clrke, Veterinry Toxicology. Billiere Tindll, London, pp: 438. Demeke, S., Comprtive nutritive vlue of Atell nd industril rewers grins in chicken strter rtion in Ethiopi. Liv. Res. Rurl. Dev., 19: 1, http: // FAO, Better Utiliztion of Crop Residues nd Byproducts in Animl Feeding: Reserch Guidelines 1. Stte of knowledge. In: T.R. Preston, V.L. Kossil, J. Goodwin nd S.B. Reed (Eds.), Animl Production nd Helth, Rome. FAO, Better feed for nimls: more food for people. World. Anim. Rev., 82, 4440/T. Gtel, F., Protein qulity of legume seeds for nonruminnts nimls-a literture review. Anim. Feed. Sci. Tech., 45: Göhl, B., Feed Informtion, Summries nd Nutritive Vlues. Tropicl Feeds. FAO, Rome, pp: 357. Hodgkinson, S., Evlution of the qulity of protein sources for inclusion in diets for monogstric nimls. Cien. Inv. Agri., 33: Hurrell, R.F. nd K.J. Crpenter, The Estimtion of Aville Lysine in Feedstuffs fter Millrd Rections. In: Eriksson L. (Ed.), Progress in Food nd Nutritionl Science, Millrd rections in Food. Pergmon Press, Oxford, pp: INERA, Fiche Technique sur l Culture Cotonniere u Burkin Fso. Progrmme Coton, CNRST, Ougdougou, pp: 15. INRA, Nutrition of Lying Hens. In: Wisemn J. (Ed.) Feeding of Non-ruminnt Livestock. Butterworths nd Co Ltd, London, pp: 214. Kriderm, Focus on She Butter. Flsh Beute NVI. Kondomo, S.R., Improvement of villge chicken production in mixed (chicken-rm) frming system in Burkin Fso, PhD Thesis, Wgeningen University, The Netherlnds. Likuski, H.J.A. nd H.G. Dorrell, A iossy for rpid determintion of mino cid vilility vlues. Poult. Sci., 57:

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