Reduction in Dietary Nutrient Density Aids in Utilization of High Protein Cottonseed Meal in Broiler Diets 1

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science (4) : 53-58, 2002 sin Network for Scientific Informtion 2002 Reduction in Dietry Nutrient Density ids in Utiliztion of High Protein Cottonseed Mel in roiler Diets S. E. Wtkins, E.. Sleh nd P. W. Wldroup Deprtment of Poultry Science, University of rknss, Fyetteville, R 7270, US E-mil: swtkin@urk.edu strct: This tril ws conducted to determine if the reduction in weight gins nd feed intke oserved for roilers fed 30% cottonseed mel diets ws ssocited with the high ft level of the diets necessry to mintin the diets isocloric compred to corn-soyen mel control diets. Three series of energy levels were formulted to contin 2950/3000, 3000/3050, 3050/300 ME Kcl/kg with vlues representing the strter/grower (S/G) dietry energy vlues, respectively. Within ech energy series, diets were formulted to contin either soyen mel s the primry protein source (0% CSM) or 30 % cottonseed mel (30 % CSM). Mle roilers were fed strter diets 0 to 2 dys followed y grower diets to 42 dys. t the end of the tril, six irds per pen were processed to determine crcss nd prts yield. Results showed tht 2 nd 42 dys ody weights, feed consumption nd mortlity of the irds receiving the 30 % CSM diets were comprle to the performnce of irds receiving the 0% CSM diet for the similr energy series. There ws n interction effect for 2 dys feed conversion with the feed conversion of the 0% CSM 3000/3050 series significntly lower thn ll of the other conversion rtes. Feed conversion rtes t 2 nd 42 dys were significntly depressed for the irds receiving the 30 % CSM diets. lthough the dressing percentge ws lower for the 30 % CSM irds, dominl ft ws lso lower nd rest met yield equled the 0 % CSM irds. Incresing the dietry energy level incresed dominl ft. The results indicted tht the high dietry ft levels used in previous experiments could to e interfering with optimum usge of 30 % CSM diet for growth ut not for feed conversion. Key Words: roilers, cottonseed mel, nutrient density, pelleting, protein sources Introduction Cottonseed mel (CSM) incorported into roilers diets t levels of up to 20 percent hs een shown to support ody weights nd feed conversion similr to tht oserved in roilers fed isocloric corn-soyen mel diets (Wtkins et l., 994; Wtkins et l., 995; Fernndez et l.,995). However, when 30% CSM ws fed, performnce (weight, feed conversion) ws depressed. One reson for these dverse results my e the high level of ft necessry to mke the CSM diets isocloric to the corn-soy diets. In previous study (Wtkins et l., 995), level of supplementl ft in the 30% CSM diet ws 9.52 % s compred to the 4.50 % supplementl ft in the corn-soyen mel diet. Due to the high ft level in diets with 30 % CSM, pellet qulity ws decidedly inferior not only to the control diet ut lso to diets with 20 % CSM diet. The pellet qulity of the high ft 30% CSM diets hd consistency more similr to gresy msh. oth pellet qulity nd dietry ft level cn impct weight gin nd feed conversion (Dudley-Csh nd Willim, 992; erse et l., 952; Wenk nd Vn Es, 979; McNughton nd Reece, 984; Dle nd Fuller, 979; Pesti et l., 983; Jensen nd Flen, 973; Proudfoot nd Huln et l., 982; Skinner et l., 992; Leclercq nd Escrtin, 987). The eneficil effects of pelleting diets versus feeding msh feeds re well documented (Hussr nd Rolee, 962; lkely et l., 963; Turner, 995). Incresing the percentge of fines lso hs negtive effect on performnce (Proudfoot nd Huln, 982; Leclercq nd Escrtin, 987; Mercier nd Guilot, 974). The pre-conditioning phse of the pelleting process, which involves stem nd pressure, enhnces the nutritionl vlue of mny of the strches in the ingredients (Mercier nd Guilot, 974; Morn, 989). Pelleting experts gree tht high-ft diets do not condition well, resulting in n even greter loss of nutritionl enhncement, prticulrly for young poultry (lkely et l., 963, Morn, 989; Rodriguez, 996). Therefore, the following experiment ws conducted to determine if the poor performnce supported y 30 % CSM diets in previous experiments could e ttriuted to the high dietry ft Tle : Determined nutrient content of cottonseed mel Nutrient % of smple Crude protein Moisture 9.37 Ether extrct.46 Crude fier 0.03 sh 6.53 Clcium 0.2 Chloride 0.05 Potssium.63 Sodium 0.2 Phosphorus.8 Methionine 0.72 Cystine 0.79 Lysine.97 rginine 4.95 Tryptophn 0.45 Tyrosine.26 Threonine.3 Serine.57 Phenyllnine 2.3 Glutmic cid 8.03 Proline.54 Glycine.78 lnine.67 Vline.90 Isoleucine.38 Leucine 2.55 Histidine.23 Free gossypol 0.3 nd/or poor conditioning nd pellet qulity. y reducing the dietry nutrient density (metolizle energy nd ssocited nutrients), it ws possile to formulte 30% CSM diets with lower ft levels nd, consequently, diets tht pelleted more effectively. Pulished with the pprovl of the Director, rknss griculturl Experiment Sttion, MS #

2 Wtkins et l.: Utiliztion of High Protein Cottonseed Mel in roiler Diets Tle 2: Composition nd clculted nutrient content of roiler strter diets fed 0 to 2 dys Ingredient CSM level nd ssigned Dietry ME Vlue (Kcl/kg) CSM 0 CSM g / kg g/kg Yellow corn Cottonseed mel (45% CP) Soyen mel (48% CP) Poultry y-product mel Poultry oil Ground rice hulls Limestone Vitmin premix Diclcium phosphte Slt Trce minerl premix DL Methionine (98%) Lysine HCl (98%) Threonine Stenerol citrcin MD Totl Nutrient ME Kcl/Kg Crude Protein (%) rginine, % Lysine, % Glycine, % Serine, % Histidine, % Isoleucine, % Methionine, % Met + Cys, % Phenyllnine, % Threonine, % Tryptophn, % Vline, % Clcium,% Totl Phosphorus, % ville Phosphorus, % Provides per kg of diet: Vitmin, 9900 IU; choleclciferol, 3300 ICU; vitmin E, 3 IU; vitmin 2, 003 mg; rioflvin, 6.6 mg; nicin, 66 mg; d-pntothenic cid, 6.5 mg; choline, 660 mg; mendione,. mg; folcin,. mg; thimin,. mg, pyridoxine, 3.3 mg; d-iotin, 0. mg; Se, 0.20 mg; ethoxyquin, 25 mg. provides per kg of diet: Mn (MnSO 4*H2 O), 00mg; Zn (ZnSO 4*7H2 O), 00mg; Fe (FeSO 4*7H2 O), 50 mg; Cu (CuSO 4*5H2O), 0 mg; I (C(IO 3) 2*H2O), mg. Mterils nd Methods The cottonseed mel utilized in this experiment ws 44.96% crude protein mel supplied y mjor cottonseed producer. The mel hd een sujected to mild expeller processing followed y solvent extrction. mino cid nd minerl nlyses were conducted y commercil lortory, nd these vlues were used in diet formultion (Tle ). These vlues re in greement with those found in commercil CSM (Leclercq nd Escrtin, 987; Fernndez et l., 994). The free gossypol content of the mel ws 0.3 %. sed on digestiility coefficients reported y 994 NRC (Ntionl Reserch council, 994), totl mino cid vlues for the CSM were reduced y 25% for ll essentil mino cids except lysine, which ws given 35% reduction in vilility. The ssigned ME vlue for the cottonseed mel ws 2000 kcl/kg in greement with vlues previously reported y this lortory nd others (Wtkins et l., 995; Fernndez et l., 995; Dle, 995). Utilizing liner progrmming, three dietry energy series were formulted for strter (0 to 2 dys) nd grower (2 to 42 dys). Strter diets contined 2950, 3000, 3050 ME Kcl/kg while grower diets contined 3000, 3050 or 300 ME kcl/kg. Within ech energy series, diets were formulted to contin either soyen mel s the primry protein source (0% CSM) or 30 % CSM. Diets were formulted to contin similr clorie-toville-mino cid rtios. ll nutrients were formulted to meet recommend stndrds for mles (Thoms et l., 992) djusted to the dietry energy level. The composition nd clculted nutrient contents for oth the strter nd grower diets re shown in Tles 2 nd 3. nlyzed protein vlues were in close greement to clculted vlues for ll diets. The ddition of supplementl iron to llevite the effects of free gossypol found in this smple of cottonseed mel ws previously shown to not e 54

3 Wtkins et l.: Utiliztion of High Protein Cottonseed Mel in roiler Diets Tle 3: Composition nd clculted nutrient content of roiler grower diets fed 2 to 42 dys Ingredient CSM level nd ssigned Dietry ME Vlue (Kcl/kg) CSM 0 CSM g / kg Yellow corn Cottonseed mel (45% CP) Soyen mel (48% CP) Poultry y-product mel Poultry oil Ground rice hulls Limestone Vitmin premix Diclcium phosphte Slt Trce minerl premix DL Methionine (98%) Lysine HCl (98%) Threonine Monensin citrcin MD Totl Nutrient ME Kcl/Kg Crude Protein (%) rginine, % Lysine, % Glycine, % Serine, % Histidine, % Isoleucine, % Methionine, % Met + Cys, % Phenyllnine, % Tyrosine, % Threonine, % Tryptophn, % Vline, % Clcium,% Totl Phosphorus, % ville Phosphorus, % Provides per kg of diet: Vitmin, 9900 IU; choleclciferol, 3300 ICU; vitmin E, 3 IU; vitmin 2, 003 mg; rioflvin, 6.6 mg; nicin, 66 mg; d-pntothenic cid, 6.5 mg; choline, 660 mg; mendione,. mg; folcin,. mg; thimin,. mg, pyridoxine, 3.3 mg; d-iotin, 0. mg; Se, 0.20 mg; ethoxyquin, 25 mg. Provides per kg of diet: Mn (MnSO 4*H2 O), 00mg; Zn (ZnSO 4*7H2 O), 00mg; Fe (FeSO 4*7H2 O), 50 mg; Cu (CuSO 4*5H2O), 0 mg; I (C(IO 3) 2*H2O), mg. eneficil in lleviting the effects of low free gossypol reeders Elkmont, L 35620) were otined from locl (Wtkins et l., 995). Therefore, in this experiment CSM diets htchery. Fifty irds were rndomly ssigned to ech of thirty-six were not supplemented with dditionl iron ove tht found in 2 pens (50 ft ) in steel truss roiler house of commercil design. the trce minerl premix (50 ppm). Ech of the diets ws fortified Ech pen ws equipped with two tue feeders nd n utomtic with complete vitmin nd trce minerl supplements. wter font. Litter ws used pine wood shvings over concrete ll diets were pelleted with stem (75 F nd 4-mm pellet die) floor. irds were rooded using whole house rooding eginning with strter diets crumled fter cooling. The reduction in ME t 88 F nd reduced y 5 F weekly. Due to hot wether rering, levels resulted in lower levels of supplementl fts for the minimum of 70 F ws never chieved. Thermostticlly cottonseed mel diets, resulting in improved pellet qulity s controlled fns, nd utomtic sidewll curtins controlled compred to previous studies. lthough no mesurements were temperture nd ventiltion rtes. mde of pellet qulity or durility, visul oservtion supported Pen group ody weights were otined t 2 nd 42 dys of ge. the conclusion tht lower dietry ft levels resulted in improved Feed consumed y pen ws lso determined for these time pellet qulity for 30 % CSM diets formulted with lower ME periods. irds were checked twice dily for mortlity, nd ded Kcl/Kg levels. ird weights were used for correction of feed utiliztion. t the Dy-old mle chicks of commercil roiler strin (Ross Poultry end of the experiment, six irds per pen were rndomly chosen for 55

4 Wtkins et l.: Utiliztion of High Protein Cottonseed Mel in roiler Diets Tle 4:Twenty One Dy Performnce of Mle roilers Fed Different Dietry Energy Levels With or Without Cottonseed Mel in the Diet CSM % of Diet Dietry ME ody Weight (g) Feed to Gin Feed Intke (g) Mortlity (%) Kcl/Kg (S/G ) Rtio (g/g) SEM Pr > F / / / SEM Pr > F Mens in column with no common superscripts differ significntly (P<0.05) Tle 5: The Interction Effect of Dietry Cottonseed Mel nd significnt interction of level of CSM nd dietry energy. In Energy Levels on the 2 Dy Feed to Gin Rtio of diets with no CSM, feed conversion improved s dietry energy Mle roiler Chicks levels incresed while in diets with 30% CSM, no improvement in Dietry ME kcl/kg (S/G) CSM (% of Diet) / / / Pooled SEM Pr>F=.024 Mens within column with no common superscripts differ significntly (P<0.05) processing to determine crcss yield, dominl ft (F) content, nd prts yield. irds with visile signs of defects were not selected for processing. Live weights of individul irds were tken fter ten-hour fst. irds were nded nd trnsported less thn one mile to the pilot processing plnt, nd ll irds were killed within two hours of cooping. irds were killed following electricl stunning, led 20 seconds followed y sclding t 40 F for two minutes in dunking sclder. They were picked for 45 seconds in rotry drum picker nd mnully eviscerted. The dressed crcss nd F were weighed prior to hot cutup. dominl ft is defined s the ft surrounding the gizzrd extending within the ischium nd surrounding the urs of Fricius, cloc, nd djcent dominl muscles. Dressing percentge ws clculted s prechill crcss weight (including the F ut excluding neck nd gilets) s percentge of fsted live weight. dominl ft weights were nlyzed on weight sis nd s percentge of the crcss weight. Wings were removed so tht miniml rest met ws tken nd leg qurters were removed s thigh-drum piece. rest skin ws removed, followed y the rest (comining pectorlis mjor nd minor). rest, leg qurter, nd wing were clculted s percentge of crcss yield. Dt ws nlyzed y the Generl Liner Model of SS (SS, 982). Pen mens served s the experimentl unit. Mens which were found to e significntly different t the P<0.05 level were seprted using the lest squre procedure. ll percentge dt were converted to rc sine nd morlity dt were trnsformed to squre root of n + prior to nlysis. ll results re presented s nturl numers. Results nd Discussion The effects of level of CSM nd dietry energy level on performnce of roilers t 2 d re shown in Tles 4 nd 5. ody weight did not differ etween irds fed diets with 0 or 30% CSM. ody weight tended to increse s the dietry energy level incresed (P=0.09); however, there ws no significnt interction of dietry energy level nd CSM level of the diet. Feed conversion ws poorer on diets with 30% CSM; however, there ws feed conversion ws noted s dietry energy level incresed. These diets were fed s crumles; therefore, they my not hve ttined the full enefits of pelleting. Mortlity did not differ mong tretments. The effects of level of CSM nd dietry energy level on performnce of roilers t 42 d re shown in Tle 6. There were no significnt differences in ody weight ssocited with level of CSM or dietry energy level, nor ws there ny significnt interction of CSM level nd dietry energy. Feed conversion ws significntly poorer for irds fed 30% CSM s compred to those fed the corn-soyen mel control. This my hve een ssocited with the higher (P=0.08) mortlity in irds fed the diet with 30% CSM. lthough djustments were mde for the weight of irds tht died, this is t est n imperfect correction. Overll, there were no significnt effects of dietry energy on feed conversion or mortlity, nor ws there n interction of level of CSM nd dietry energy on feed conversion or mortlity. Inclusion of 30% CSM in the diet hd significnt negtive effect on dressing percentge (Tle 7); however, the irds fed the 30% CSM diets lso hd significntly lower dominl ft content. rest met yield (% of crcss or ctul weight) ws virtully identicl for irds fed diets with 0 or 30% CSM. s dietry energy level incresed, significnt increse in percent nd weight of dominl ft occurred. There is considerle disgreement in the literture regrdingo the effects of incresing dietry energy on dominl ft. Incresing dietry energy hs een shown to increse dominl ft (Sohn nd Hn, 983; Deton nd Lott, 985) while others hve found tht incresing energy reduces dominl ft ( Skinner et l., 992; rtov et l., 974; Sizemore nd Siegel, 993). Dietry nutrient density ppers to hve very importnt role in the formtion of dominl ft (Sizemore nd Siegel, 993; Sleh et l., 994; Griffiths et l., 977). Severl reserchers hve shown tht mintining nrrow clorie to mino cid rtio reduces dominl ft, resulting in lener crcss (Turner,995; rtov et l., 974; Sizemore nd Siegel, 993; Mry nd Wldroup, 98). The reduction in dominl ft on diets contining 30% CSM indictes tht the ssigned energy vlue for the cottonseed mel (2000 ME Kcl/Kg) reflects good estimtion of the energy content. However, the results of low F nd equl rest met yield my lso e reflection of n underestimtion of the ville mino cid content of the high protein CSM with prticulr ttention to n underestimtion of lysine vilility. lthough there were significnt differences due to dietry energy in the dressing percentge, these differences followed no pprent trend. The results of this experiment indicte tht n improvement in the 56

5 Wtkins et l.: Utiliztion of High Protein Cottonseed Mel in roiler Diets Tle 6: Forty-Two Dy Performnce of Mle roilers Fed Different Dietry Energy Levels With or Without Cottonseed Mel CSM Dietry Energy ody Weight Feed to Gin Feed Intke (g) Mortlity (%) Level (S/G) (g) Rtio (g/g) SEM Pr > F / / / SEM Pr > F Mens in column with no common superscripts differ significntly (P<0.05) Tle 7: Forty-Two Dy Crcss Yield of Mle roilers Fed Different Dietry Energy Levels With or Without Cottonseed Mel CSM Dietry Energy Dressing Ft dominl rest rest Leg Qurter Wing Level (%) (grms) Ft (%) (grms) (%) (%) (%) SEM Pr > F c Mens in column with no common superscripts differ significntly (P<0.05) Pe rcents of cutup yields re clculted s percentge of crcss without gilets. pellet qulity of diets contining 30% CSM y reducing dietry Dudley-Csh nd. Willim, 992. Pellet content of roiler nutrient density with concomitnt reduction in levels of feeds influences ird growth, efficiency. Feedstuffs, Ferury supplementl ft resulted in 2 nd 42 dy weights similr to tht 3, 992, p:. of irds fed corn-soyen mel control diets. However even with Fernndez, S.R. nd C.M. Prsons, 996. iovilility of the the improved pellet qulity, feed-to-gin rtios were poorer for digestile lysine nd vline in cottonseed nd soyen mels the CSM irds, perhps relted to the elevted mortlity. for chicks. Poult. Sci., 75: Fernndez nd Prsons (Fernndez nd Prsons, 996) lso Fernndez, S.R., Y. Zhng, nd C.M. Prsons, 994. Effect of reported less thn optiml feed conversion in roilers consuming overheting on the nutritionl qulity of cottonseed mel. high CSM diets. They demonstrted tht essentil mino cid Poult. Sci., 73: vilility ws not the reson for this poor performnce. The Fernndez, S.R., Ye Zhng nd M. Crl Prsons, 995. Dietry diets contining 30% CSM supported lower dressing percentges formultion with cottonseed mel on totl mino cid s well s lower dominl ft. rest met for the 30% versus digestile mino cid sis. Poult. Sci., 74:68- cottonseed mel irds ws equivlent to tht of the 0% CSM 79. irds. Improving pelleting qulity of the high cottonseed mel Griffiths, L.S. Leeson nd J.D. Summers, 977. Ft deposition in diets improved ut did not totlly llevite the prolem of roilers: Effect of dietry energy to protein lnce, nd erly reduced feed conversion ssocited with feeding 30% CSM diets. life clorie restriction on productive performnce nd dominl ft pd size. Poult. Sci., 56: References rtov, I. S. ornstein nd ink Lipstein, 974. Effect of clorie to protein rtio on the degree of ftness in roiler feed on prcticl diets. r. Poult. Sci., 5:07-7. erse, G.E., L.R. erg, C. F. McClry nd V.L. Miller, 952. The effect on chick growth nd feed efficiency of pelleting rtions of different fier levels. Poult. Sci., 3:907. lkely, R. M., H.I. McGregor nd Donn Hnel, 963. The effect of type of pelleting on growth nd metolism energy from turkey rtions. r. Poult. Sci., 4: Hussr, N. nd. R. Rolee, 962. The effects of pelleting on the utiliztion of feed y the growing chicken. Poult. Sci., 4: Jensen, L.S. nd L. Flen, 973. Effect of pelleting on the extr cloric effect of dietry ft for developing turkeys. Poult. Sci., 52: Leclercq,. nd R. Escrtin, 987. Further investigtions on the effects of metolisle energy content of diet on roiler performnces. rch. Geflugelk, 5: Mry, C.J., nd P.W. Wldroup, 98. The influence of dietry Dle, Nick, 995. Energy vlues for cottonseed mel. energy nd mino cid levels on dominl ft pd Southestern Poultry/Cotton Roundtle Meeting, tlnt, G., Novemer. Dle, N. M. nd H. L. Fuller, 979. Effects of low temperture, development of the roiler chicken. Poult. Sci., 60:5-59. McNughton, J.L. nd F.N. Reece, 984. Fctors ffecting pelleting response.. Influence of dietry energy in roiler diet density, nd pelleting on the preference of roilers for strter diets. Poult. Sci., 63: high ft rtions. Poult. Sci., 58: Mercier, C. nd. Guilot, 974. Influence des conditions de Deton, J.W. nd.d. Lott, 985. ge nd dietry energy effect grnultion du mis sur les crcteristiques physico-chimiques on roiler dominl ft deposition. Poult. Sci., 64:26- de son midon. nnles de Zootechnie, 23:

6 Wtkins et l.: Utiliztion of High Protein Cottonseed Mel in roiler Diets Morn, E. T., 989. Effect of pellet qulity on the performnce of met irds. Pges in: Recent dvnces in niml Nutrition. W. Hresign nd D.J.. Cole, ed. utterworths, London, U.K. Ntionl Reserch Council (NRC), 994. Nutrient Requirements th of Poultry. 9 Rev. Edition. Ntionl cd. Press, Wshington, DC. Proudfoot, F.G. nd H.W. Huln, 982. Feed texture effects on the performnce of turkey roilers. Poult. Sci., 6: Pesti, G.M., T.S. Whiting nd L.S. Jensen, 983. The effect of crumling on the reltionship etween dietry density nd chick growth, feed efficiency, nd dominl ft pd weights. Poult. Sci., 62: Rodriguez, Ulises, 996. Personl communictions. Cliforni Pellet Mill Compny. Crwfordsville, IL. Sleh, E.., S. E. Wtkins,.L. Wldroup, nd P.W. Wldroup, 994. Effects of dietry energy level on performnce of roilers grown to different ges. Poult. Sci., 73(Suppl):0. SS Institute, 982. SS User s Guide: Sttistics. SS Institute, Inc., Cry, NC. Sizemore, F.G. nd H.S. Siegel, 993. Growth, feed conversion, nd crcss composition in femles of four roiler crosses fed strter diets with different energy levels nd energy to protein rtios. Poult. Sci., 72: Skinner, Jmes T., my L. Wldroup nd Prk W. Wldroup, 992. Effects of dietry nutrient density on performnce nd crcss qulity of roilers 42 to 49 dys of ge. J. ppl. Poult. Res., : Sohn, K.S. nd I.K. Hn, 983. The effects of vrying dietry protein nd energy levels on nutrients utilizility, content of dominl ft nd the size of internl orgns. Koren J. nim. Sci., 25: Thoms, O.P., M.T. Frrn nd C.. Tmplin, 992. roiler nutrition updte. Pges in: Proc. Mrylnd Nutr. Conf., University of Mrylnd, College Prk, MD. Turner, Ron, 995. chieving optimum pellet qulity. Feed Mngement, Decemer, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp: Wtkins, Susn E. nd Prk W. Wldroup, 995. Utiliztion of high protein cottonseed mel in roiler diets. J. ppl. Poult. Res. 4: Wtkins, S. E., J. T. Skinner, M. H. dms nd P. W. Wldroup, 994. nevlution of low-gossypol cottonseed mel in diets for roiler chickens 2. Influence of ssigned metolizle energy vlues nd supplementtion with essentil mino cids on performnce. J. ppl. Poult. Res., 3: 7-6. Wenk, C. nd.j.h. vn Es, 979. Pelleted nd msh feed in rtions for growing chickens. rch. Geflugelk. 43: