Chromium for Dairy Cattle: Improved Immune Function, Lactation Performance

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1 POSITION STATEMENT Chromium for Diry Cttle: Improve Immune Funtion, Lttion Performne Key Finings Feeing Avil Cr hromium methionine to ttle hs een shown to: Improve immune funtion; Inrese postprtum ry mtter intke, n Inrese milk proution of erly n mi lttion ows fe preserve forges n onentrtes. Introution Animl griulture hs shown reent interest in ietry hromium ue to reports of striking improvements in performne of swine, poultry n ttle. The ojetive of this pper is to exmine the enefits of hromium supplementtion of iry ttle. Role of Chromium In Metolism Chromium is generlly epte s n essentil nutrient tht potentites insulin tion n thus influenes rohyrte, lipi n protein metolism (Mertz, 1993). The speifi iohemil funtion of hromium hs not een lerly efine. The iologilly tive form of hromium, usully referre to s gluose tolerne ftor (GTF), hs een propose to e omplex of hromium, niotini i n possily the mino is glyine, ysteine n glutmi i. Orinry inorgni hromium ompouns re poorly sore in nimls (0.4 to 3.0%; Anerson, 1987) regrless of ose n ietry hromium sttus. In ition, hromium onentrtions in ommon feestuffs vry gretly (Bunting, 1999; Bryn et l., 2004; Tle 1). Little is known out the site or mehnism of sorption. An out-growth of this reent interest, ouple with the poor sorption of orinry inorgni hromium, hs le to the evelopment of Zinpro Performne Minerls soure of hromium methionine (Avil-Cr). The Cr +3 tom is thought to filitte intertions etween insulin n insulin reeptors on trget tissues suh s musle n ft. In this wy, hromium potentites noli tivities of insulin. The min funtion of insulin is to regulte loo gluose levels. When oun to its reeptor, insulin potentites ellulr uptke n use of gluose, therey lering it from the loo. One quire y ells, gluose is use s n energy soure tht, long with the noli tions of hormones suh s growth hormone n insulin-like growth ftor I, rives protein synthesis, growth of len tissue n proper mintenne n funtion of other orgns. Biologilly tive hromium lso is in the onversion of thyroxine (T 4 ) to triioothyronine (T 3 ), the thyroi hormone tht inreses metoli rte using inrese oxygen onsumption, het proution, metolism of fts, proteins n rohyrtes, ri output n RNA n protein synthesis (Burton, 1995). Chromium supplementtion in humns with mil hyperglyemi hs een shown to improve gluose tolerne. In ition, hromium supplementtion normlizes the levels of the metoli hormones insulin n glugon (Anerson et l., 1991). Chromium efiieny generlly is expresse s n impirment in insulin sensitivity similr to Type-2 or insulin resistnt ietes. When hromium is efiient, supplementtion n improve gluose tolerne y inresing the insulinstimulte uptke of gluose from the loo. Chromium supplementtion n lso enhne insulin tion tht results in erese loo insulin levels, sine less insulin is require to promote gluose uptke y tissues (Burton, 1995; Mertz, 1993). Effet of Chromium Supplementtion On Stresse Cttle It oul e rgue tht iry ows toy re uner more stress thn in the pst. It is not unommon for the moern iry ow to e ommingle with new nimls on routine sis s ows re move from pen to pen n s ows re trnsporte from one fility to the next. Also, they re expete Tle 1. Chromium ontent of feestuffs Feestuff Psture Whet silge Dehyrte lflf Corn silge Ryegrss Brley Corn Whet rn Met mel Fish mel Soyen mel Brewers yest Brewers grins Ref. Slie # Z DCr Chromium, ppm DM Zinpro Corportion Viking Dr. Suite 240 Een Pririe, MN USA fx Mrh 17, 2005 Pge 1 of 5

2 to proue opious mounts of milk following lving n inrese milk proution levels preispose them to het stress (West, 2003). During perios of stress, urinry exretion of hromium inreses (Borel et l., 1984; Anerson et l., 1988), s o irulting levels of ortisol (Bunting, 1999). Cortisol ts ntgonistilly to insulin, eresing gluose uptke y peripherl tissue, spring it for tissues of higher emn (Burton, 1995). Derese gluose uptke y peripherl tissue results in inrese moiliztion of oy tissue s the niml ttempts to fulfill its metoli energy nees (Bunting, 1999; Munk et l., 1984). In ition, ortisol is immunosuppressive (Munk et l., 1984) n ereses protein synthesis (Reilly n Blk, 1973). Reserh hs shown tht hromium supplementtion my help llevite the effet of stress on the niml. Feeing to 1.0 prts per million (ppm) ry mtter (DM) supplementl hromium from Avil-Cr to eef ttle newly rrive in the feelot erese serum ortisol levels y 64.1% (Tle 2; Almei n Brjs, 2001; Almei n Brjs, 2002). Chromium supplementtion my help meite the erese in immune funtion oserve uring perios of stress y not only eresing irulting ortisol levels, ut lso y inresing immunogloulin (Ig) proution. In series of stuies onute in Mexio with eef ttle newly rrive t the feelot, feeing 1.0 ppm of hromium from Avil-Cr inrese serum IgM onentrtion (Almei n Brjs, 1999) n oth serum IgM n IgG onentrtions (Tle 2; Almei n Brjs, 2001; Almei n Brjs, 2002). The lte gesttion n erly lttion perio is time when iry ows re prone to isese n metoli isorers (Burton, 1995). Chnges in hormonl profiles of ows roun prturition preispose them to isese. Bloo ortisol n estrogen onentrtions inrese roun prturition suppressing immune funtion (Smith et l., 1973; Guiry et l., 1976; Roth n Keerle, Tle 2. Effet of Avil-Cr on serum ortisol n immunogloulin (Ig) onentrtion Tril Cortisol, nmol/l Almei n Brjs, 2002 Serum IgG, mg/l Almei n Brjs, 1999 Almei n Brjs, 2002 Serum IgM, mg/l Almei n Brjs, 1999 Almei n Brjs, 2002 Control 69.0 y y 259 y 266 y Avil-Cr 24.8 z z 295 z 413 z Avil-Cr hromium-l-methionine Almei n Brjs, J. Anim. Si. 77 (Suppl.1):218 (Astr.); Astrt i not report vlues for ortisol, IgG n IgM; 1.0 ppm of supplementl Cr from Avil-Cr erese serum ortisol on 14, inrese serum IgG levels on 14 n 28 n tene to inrese serum IgM Almei n Brjs, 2002 n. J. Anim. Si. 80 (Suppl.1):363 n 364 (Astr.); Newly rrive Brhmn ross re ull lves 437 l (198 kg) reeive Control or 1.0 ppm of supplementl Cr from Avil-Cr on 3 through 30 in the feelot; Dt presente is verge ross 7, 14 n 28 of the tril Almei n Brjs, J. Anim. Si. 79 (Suppl.1):218 (Astr.); Newly rrive Drought Mster ull lves 295 l (134 kg) reeive Control or 1.0 ppm of supplementl Cr from Avil-Cr on 3 through 30 in the feelot; Dt presente is verge ross 7, 14 n 28 of the tril; Control n hromium t inlues t from nimls supplemente with n without vitmin E yz Within row, mens lking ommon supersript letter iffer (P < 0.05) Ref. Slie # Z DCr Tle 3. Effet of Avil-Cr on ry mtter intke n plsm NEFA ontent Item Preprtum ry mtter intke, kg/ Hyirli et l., 2001 z Postprtum ry mtter intke e, kg/ Hyirli et l., 2001 z z Plsm NEFA ontent f, µeq/l mg Cr/kg BW 0.75 from Avil-Cr Hyirli et l., 2001 z Bryn et l., 2004 z Avil-Cr hromium-l-methionine; Supplementing 0.0, 0.03, 0.06 n 0.12 mg Cr/kg BW 0.75 equtes to 0, 0.195, n ppm Cr for 650 kg (1433 l) ow onsuming 20 kg/ (44.1 l/) of ry mtter Nonesterifie ftty is Metoli oy weight Dry mtter intke for the lst 21 of gesttion e Dry mtter intke for the first 28 of lttion f Bloo ollete 7 to 10 preprtum z Liner effet of hromium supplementtion (P < 0.05) Ref. Slie # Z DCr ). Thus, hromium supplementtion uring the periprturient perio my help improve immune funtion, eresing iniene of isese n metoli isorers tht ompny immune suppression, suh s retine plents (Gunnink, 1984; Gunnink, 1984). Effet of Chromium Supplementtion on Lttion n Reproutive Performne The hllenge of meeting nutrient nees of high prouing iry ttle hs inrese in reent yers s level of milk proution hs inrese. Meeting the nutritionl nees of ows, prtiulrly energy, in the weeks immeitely postlving is iffiult s the inrese in DM intke lgs ehin the inrese in milk proution (NRC, 2001). As result, the ltting iry ow moilizes tissue to meite the energy efiit. If exess mounts of energy re moilize, ows re prone to eveloping ftty liver n ketosis (NRC, 2001). Cows with exess oy onition ten to moilize more tissue s inreses in DM intke lgs ehin proution inreses to greter extent thn ows of more esirle oy onition (NRC, 2001). Mrh 17, 2005 Pge 2 of 5

3 Furthermore, nimls with exessive oy onition my e more prone to insulin insensitivity. Reserh inites tht ewes with exess oy onition relese more insulin in response to gluose injetion, yet lere gluose t rte similr to thinner ewes, suggesting greter insulin insensitivity of the over-onitione ewes (MNeil et l., 1997). Finlly, pregnny ppers to eplete hromium stores. The fetus umultes hromium, espeilly in the lst months of gesttion n serum hromium levels eline in pregnny (Anerson, 1987). Chromium supplementtion uring the periprturient perio my erese the risk of ows eveloping ftty liver n ketosis. Chromium supplementtion hs een shown to erese serum triglyeries in humns (Anerson, 1987), serum holesterol in rts (Anerson, 1987) n loo NEFA levels in ttle (Bryn et l., 2004; Hyirli et l., 2001). A summry of two stuies inites tht supplementing periprturient iry ttle with hromium in the form of Avil-Cr erese plsm NEFA onentrtions y up to 48.6% (Tle 3, pge 2). The erese in plsm NEFA in response to feeing hromium n e ttriute prtilly to inrese insulin sensitivity. It lso my e ttriute to inrese DM intke, whih hs een oserve in response to feeing to ppm hromium from Avil- Cr (Hyirli et l., 2001; Smith et l., 2005). In stuies reporting preprtum DM intkes, preprtum hromium supplementtion ppers to hve inonsistent effets. Smith et l. (2005) oserve no inrese in DM intke preprtum in response to supplementing Avil-Cr, while Hyirli et l. (2001) oserve liner inrese in DM intke preprtum with inresing mounts of hromium from Avil-Cr (Tle 3, pge 2). It shoul e note tht preprtum DM intke tene to e 1.8 to 2.7 kg higher in the Smith et l. (2005) stuy thn Tle 4. Effet of Avil-Cr on lttion performne of erly lttion iry ows Item Milk, kg/ Hyirli et l., 2001 y z Energy-orrete milk e, kg/ Hyirli et l., 2001 Milk solis, ft + protein, kg/ Hyirli et l., 2001 Milk ft, % Hyirli et l., 2001 Milk protein, % Hyirli et l., mg Cr/kg BW 0.75 from Avil-Cr Avil-Cr hromium-l-methionine; Supplementing 0.0, 0.03, 0.06 n 0.12 mg Cr/kg BW 0.75 equtes to 0, 0.195, n ppm Cr for 650 kg (1433 l) ow onsuming 20 kg/ (44.1 l/) of ry mtter Dt from only stuies in whih ows were fe preserve forges n grin Metoli oy weight Dt from first 28 postprtum e Energy-orrete milk, 3.5% ft n 3.2% protein y Qurti effet of supplementl hromium-l-methionine (P < 0.05) z Liner effet of hromium-l-methionine (P < 0.05) Ref. Slie # Z DCr in the Hyirli et l. (2001) stuy. Corn silge ws the primry forge in the pre- n postprtum iets in this stuy, while lflf silge ws the primry forge in the pre- n postprtum iets fe in the Hyirli et l. (2001) stuy. Limite t woul suggest tht orn silge ontins more hromium thn lflf (Tle 1, pge 1). However, hromium foun in most feestuffs is poorly utilize y the niml (Anerson, 1987). Postprtum, hromium supplementtion inrese DM intke (Tle 3, pge 2; Hyirli et l., 2001; ). However, DM intke inrese qurtilly in the Hyirli et l. (2001) stuy, suggesting tht exess hromium supplementtion my e etrimentl to niml performne. Feeing 50 to ppm of supplementl hromium from Avil-Cr hs een shown to inrese milk proution (Hyirli et l., 2001; ). In stuies where inreses in milk proution hve een oserve, inreses in postprtum DM intke lso hve een oserve (Hyirli et l., 2001; ) Bryn et l. (2004) i not oserve n inrese in milk proution when feeing 1.25 mg Cr/100 kg oy weight (BW; feeing rte equtes to ppm DM for 650 kg ow onsuming 20 kg DM) to intensively grze iry ttle. Dry mtter intke ws not mesure in this stuy s psture ws the primry iet omponent. Inresing DM intke when psture is the primry iet onstituent my e iffiult s the mount of re ow is le to over to otin DM my e limite. The ility to inrese psture intke my hve een further limite uring the summer months of this tril s rinfll ws elow verge, limiting psture growth. The inility to inrese DM intke ouple with erese oy tissue moiliztion, s inite y erese plsm NEFA, my explin why there ws not n inrese in milk proution in response to feeing hromium to intensively grze iry ttle. Reent Reserh: Reent reserh inites tht full-fe mi lttion ows onsuming iets onsisting of preserve forges n onentrte respon to hromium supplementtion. Bjrs et l. (2003) foun tht pregnnt, mi lttion ows fe 12 mg Cr from Mrh 17, 2005 Pge 3 of 5

4 Avil-Cr (0.600 ppm hromium for ow onsuming 20 kg DM) proue 2.5% more milk thn Control ows. All ows in this stuy were reeiving reominnt ovine somtotropin. It shoul e note tht this stuy ws only 14 ys in length n ows were reeiving level of hromium tht ws in exess of the hromium level eeme optiml y Hyirli et l. (2001). Cows in this stuy my hve respone more fvorly to hromium supplementtion if they h reeive the level of hromium eeme optiml y Hyirli et l. (2001). Etherne (2005) foun tht oth erly n mi lttion ows respon to hromium supplementtion. In this stuy, ows reeive 7.5 mg Cr from Avil-Cr (0.375 ppm hromium for ow onsuming 20 kg DM) from 3 weeks preprtum through 36 weeks postprtum. Aross the 36- week lttion perio, hromium supplementtion inrese yiel of 3.5% ft-orrete n energy-orrete milk y 1.3 n 1.0 kg per y, respetively (Figure 1). More importntly, responses to hromium supplementtion ws onsistent ross the 36-week postprtum perio. Reproutive performne my e improve y supplementing erly lttion ows with hromium, yet t is limite. Bryn et l. (2004) foun tht intensively grze ows supplemente with 1.25 mg Cr from Avil-Cr per 100 kg BW (0.406 ppm hromium for 650 kg ow onsuming 20 kg DM) were pregnnt sooner fter lving thn Control ows. Etherne (2005) foun tht smller perentge of ows supplemente with hromium were pregnnt y Week 36 postprtum. However, ows supplemente with hromium tht oneive in the first 36 weeks postprtum h fewer servies per oneption, higher first servie oneption rtes n fewer ys open. One possile moe of tion for hromium improving fertility of iry ttle is erese oy tissue moiliztion in erly lttion, s inite y lower loo NEFA onentrtions (Bryn et l., 2004; Hyirli et l., 2001). Figure 1. Effet of Avil-Cr supplementtion on milk proution kg/ y 51.9 z 49.5 w 50.5 x Milk 3.5% Energy-Correte Ft-Correte Milk Milk Control CrMet Avil-Cr hromium-l-methionine fe t rte to supply 7.5 mg Cr/h/ from three weeks prior to lving through 36 weeks postprtum Energy-orrete milk, 3.5% ft, 3.2% protein wx LSmens lking ommon supersript letter iffer, P < 0.15 yz LSmens lking ommon supersript letter iffer, P < 0.05 Ref. Slie # DCr Tle 6. Cttle Feeing Reommentions for Avil-Cr Boy Weight < 100 kg 100 to 225 kg 226 to 350 kg 351 to 600 kg > 600 kg Avil-Cr hromium-l-methionine Mximum llowle level Ref. Slie # Z DCr Feeing reommentions: Bse upon the results of the ove stuies, the feeing reommentions for Avil-Cr for ttle re shown in Tle 6. Summry Avil-Cr 1000 Dily Feeing Rte g/100 kg BW g/he 8.0 Reserh inites tht supplementing lte gesttion n ltting iry ttle with Avil-Cr improves immune funtion n lttion performne. Chromium supplementtion h mixe effets on ow fertility, initing tht more reserh nees to e onute to eluite the ietry n environmentl onitions tht re onuive to mnifesting reproutive response to hromium supplementtion. Amount of Cr Supplie from Avil-Cr mg/100 kg BW mg/he 8.0 Mrh 17, 2005 Pge 4 of 5

5 Referenes: Almei, L. n R. Brjs Effet of vitmin E n hromium-methionine supplementtion on serum levels of immunogloulin G n M, n sprtte minotrnsferse enzyme in lves reently rrive to feelot. J. Anim. Si. 77(Suppl. 1):218 strt. Almei, L. n R. Brjs Effet of hromiummethionine level supplementtion on immune response of ull lves reently rrive to feelot. J. Anim. Si. 79(Suppl. 1):390 strt. Almei, L. n R. Brjs Effet of hromium methionine n zin methionine supplementtion on loo onentrtions of immunogloulin G n M n inflmmtory response to phytohemglutinin in stresse feelot lves. J. Anim. Si. 80(Suppl. 1):363 strt. Almei, L. n R. Brjs Effet of hromium methionine n zin methionine supplementtion on ortisol, gluose, sprtte mino trnsferse, n retinin in loo of stresse feelot lves. J. Anim. Si. 80(Suppl. 1):364 strt. Anerson, R. A Chromium in tissues n fluis. Pge 225 In: W. Mertz (E.) Tre Elements in Humn n Animl Nutrition (5th E.). Aemi Press, Sn Diego, CA. Anerson, R. A., N. A. Bryen, M. M. Polnsky, n P. B. Moser Exerise effets on hromium exretion of trine n untrine men onsuming onstnt iet. J. Appl. Physiol. 64:249. Anerson, R. A., M. M. Polnsky, N. A. Byren n J. J. Cnry Supplementl hromium effets on gluose, insulin, glugon n urinry hromium losses in sujets onsuming ontrolle low-hromium iets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54:909. Brjs, R., R. Zm, J. J. Portillo, L. M. Ruio, C. Lizrrg, Z. Verugo n N. Gonzlez Effet of hromium methionine supplementtion in iet on milk proution of Holstein pure ree n 3/4 Holstein ows reeiving reominnt ovine somtotropin in hormone injetion. J. Diry Si. 86 (Suppl. 1): 269 strt. Borel, J. S., T. C. Mjerus, M. M. Polnsky, P. B. Moser, n R. A. Anerson Chromium intke n urinry hromium exretion of trum ptients. Biol. Tre Elem. Res. 6:317. Bryn, M. A., M. T. Soh n D. J. Tomlinson Supplementing intensively grze lte-gesttion n erly-lttion iry ows with hromium. J. Diry Si. 87:4629 Bunting, L. D Chromium n Diry Nutrition: Wht Do We Know? Pges 13 to 18 In Proeeings of Mi-South Ruminnt Nutrition Conferene. Burton, J. L Supplementl hromium: its enefits to the ovine immune system. Anim. Fee Si. n Teh. 53:117. Etherne, M. A Effet of feeing omplexe hromium to ltting iry ows on ommeril iry on lttion n reproutive performne. Finl Report, Zinpro Corportion, Een Pririe, MN. Guiry, A. J., M. J. Ppe n R. E. Person Effets of prturition n lttion on loo n milk ell onentrtions, ortiosterois, n neutrophil phgoytosis of the ow. Am. J. Vet. Res. 37:1195. Gunnink, J. W Pre-prtum leuoyti tivity n retine plent. Vet. Qurt. 6:52. Gunnink, J. W Retine plent n leukoyte tivity. Vet. Qurt. 6:49. Hyirli, A., D. R. Bremmer, S. J. Bertis, M. T. Soh n R. R. Grummer Effet of hromium supplementtion on proution n metoli prmeters in periprturient iry ows. J. Diry Si. 84:1218. Mertz, W Chromium in humn nutrition: A review. J. Nutr. 123:626. MNeil, D. M., R. W. Kelly n I. H. Willims Insulin sensitivity n fetl growth in ewes mintine in moerte oy onition ompre with len oy onition in lte pregnny. Aust. J. Agri. Res. 48: Munk, A., P. Guyre, n N. Holrook Physiologil funtions of gluoortiois in stress n their reltion to phrmologil tions. Enorinol. Rev. 5:25. NRC, Nutrient Requirements of Diry Cttle. 7th rev. e. Ntionl Aemy Press, Wshington, D.C. Reilly, P. E. B. n A. L. Blk Erly effets of ortisol on gluose n lnine metolism in renletomize sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 225:689. Roth, J. A. n M. L. Keerle Effet of gluoortiois on the ovine immune system. J. Anim. Vet. Me. Asso. 180:894. Smith, K. L., M. R. Wlron, J. K. Drkley, M. T. Soh n T. R. Overton Performne of iry ows s ffete y preprtum ietry rohyrte soure n supplementtion with hromium throughout the trnsition perio. J. Diry Si. 88:255. Smith, V. G., L. A. Egerton, H. D. Hfs n E. M. Convey Bovine serum estrogens, progestins n gluoortiois uring lte pregnny, prturition, n erly lttion. J. Anim. Si. 36:391. West, J. W Effets of Het-Stress on Proution in Diry Cttle. J. Diry Si. 86: Mrh 17, 2005 Pge 5 of 5