Effects of Transportation on Stress and Fear Responses of Growing Broilers Supplemented with Prebiotic or Probiotic

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 7 (7): , 2008 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2008 Effects of Trnsporttion on Stress nd Fer Responses of Growing Broilers Supplemented with Preiotic or Proiotic 1, K. Ghree *, W.A. Awd, S. Nitsch, S. Adel-Rheem nd J. Böhm Institute of Nutrition, Deprtment of Veterinry Pulic Helth nd Food Science, University of Veterinry Medicine, Veterinärpltz 1, A-1210 Vienn, Austri 2 Deprtment of Animl Behviour nd Mngement, Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, South Vlley University, Qen, Egypt 3 BIOMIN GmH Industriestrsse 21, 3130 Herzogenurg, Austri 1 Astrct: Physiologicl stress response nd fer levels were evluted in roiler chickens fed control diets, 8 chicory (1 kg/ton) nd Lctocillus sp. (1 x 10 cfu/kg) supplemented diets for 5 wk. At the end of the experiment, the irds were sujected to 80 km trnsport journey (90 min pproximtely). The fer levels of irds were mesured using tonic immoility rection (TI). The durtion of TI nd the susceptiility of the irds to the test were mesured immeditely fter the irds hd rrived to the lortory nd repeted fter one week following their trnsport. Heterophil (H) counts, Lymphocyte (L) counts nd Heterophil to Lymphocyte (H/L) rtios were determined immeditely on rrivl nd t 24 h following irds trnsport. There ws no significnt differences were recorded in the fer levels of roilers supplemented with either chicory or Lctocillus sp. compred with their control counterprts. However, in comprison with fer levels fter one week (without trnsport), significnt difference ws oserved (P=0.001) irrespective to dietry supplementtion. Hndling nd trnsport on this reltively short journey ws pprently eqully frightening for roilers independent of dietry supplementtion. H/L rtios either immeditely on rrivl or t 24 h following irds trnsport showed significnt difference etween the dietry tretments. Chicory nd Lctocillus sp. supplemented groups decresed H/L rtios compred with control group which is importnt in reduction of stress effects on irds. In conclusion, supplementtion of roiler diet with either chicory or Lctocillus sp. cn modulte the physiologicl stress response of trnsported irds nd consequently enhnce tolernce to stress without chnge in their ehviourl index of fer. Key words: Broiler, trnsport, tonic immoility, fer, stress, H/L rtio Introduction The welfre of poultry during trnsporttion from sites of production to slughter t processing plces is mtter of concern. Immeditely prior nd during trnsporttion irds my exposed to wide rnge of potentil stressors. These include ctching, hndling, loding, motion, ccelertion, impct, therml demnds imposed y the trnsport microclimte, fsting, nd withdrwl of wter, restriction of ehviour, socil disruption nd noise. The dverse effect of these fctors up on the ird my rnge from mild distress nd version to injury nd deth. It hs een reported tht 40 per cent of mortlities in "ded on rrivl" roilers re consequence of stress (Byliss nd Hinton, 1990) nd tht mortlity increses with the trnsport length (Wrris et l., 1990). Severl studies hve een ttempted to chrcterize the ehviourl nd physiologicl responses of irds to trnsporttion. Hrvesting nd trnsport of poultry represents severe stressor sed upon mesurements of tonic immoility (TI), hert rte nd plsm corticosterone concentrtions. These findings re supported y studies involving mesurements of TI following commercil trnsporttion of roilers nd they indicted tht trnsport my gretly increse ird s ferfulness (Cshmnn et l., 1989; Nicol nd Scott, 1990). The induction of physiologicl stress y trnsporttion hs een suggested from numer of studies. Plsm corticosterone is elevted following rod journey (Freemnn et l, 1984; Stterlee et l., 1989). This is consistent with the post-trnsport increse of heterophil: lymphocyte rtios (Stterlee et l., 1989; Mitchell et l., 1992; Mxwell, 1993). The heterophil: lymphocyte rtio (H/L rtio) ws used s n index of stress (Zulkifli et l., 2000). It ws shown tht oth het stress nd feed restriction increse the H/L rtio in roilers (Khjvi et l., 2003). In ddition Gross nd Siegel (1983) compred plsm corticosterone concentrtion nd H/L rtio responses to vrious stressors nd concluded tht the H/L rtio is etter indictor of stress in poultry. While tonic immoility (TI) rection of chickens provides useful ehviourl method of estimting their ferfulness (Jones, 1986). Cshmn et l. (1989) mentioned tht oth journey durtion nd witing time efore trnsport incresed the durtion of tonic immoility. 678

2 Ghree et l.: Effects of Trnsporttion on Stress nd Fer Responses of Growing Broilers Therefore, the need for ttenuting the dverse roiler chickens fter trnsporttion. Therefore the physiologicl nd ehviourl consequences present study ws conducted to investigte the effects of ssocited with hrvesting nd trnsporttion of roiler dietry supplementtion of preiotic (derived from chickens is recognized within the poultry industry. chicory nd rich in inulin) nd Lctocillus sp. on the Knnn nd Mench (1997) ttempted to hitute H/L rtio nd level of ferfulness s indicted y TI fter roilers to preslughter hndling through repeted trnsporttion of roiler chickens t ge of mrketing. hndling during the growing period ut they filed. Alterntively, dietry supplementtion of scoric cid (AA) hs yielded some promising results in reltion to perturtion of homeostsis in poultry nd increse the survivility of poultry under stressful conditions (Zulkifli et l., 1996) nd ddition of AA in wter dmpened drenocorticl response to the trumtic experience of hrvesting nd trnsport of roiler chickens (Sttelee et l., 1989). In ddition it ws shown tht ddition of AA to the drinking wter efore hndling of roiler decreses the durtion of TI (Stterlee et l., 1994; Zulkifli et l., 2000) nd produced lower H/L rtios in response to preslughter hndling (Zulkifli et l., 2000). Therefore, supplementtion of roiler diets with some feed dditives my id in overcome ny deficiency nd enhnce tolernce to stresses concomitntly. Preiotics nd proiotics were generlly utilized for roilers to Mterils nd Methods Experimentl design: Six hundred 1 dy-old roiler chicks (Ross 308) were otined from commercil htchery. The irds were rndomly divided into three groups (200 ird/group) nd housed in pens of identicl size in deep litter system with wood shving floor. Ech group hs 8 replictes (25 ird / pen). The control group ws fed sl diet, the chicory nd the Lctocillus sp. groups were fed the sl diet supplemented with 1kg/ ton dded to the strter nd grower feed. The chicks were fed with the strter diets from dys 1 to 13 nd grower feed from dy (Tle 1). The feed dditives were delivered y Biomin GTI GmH, Herzogenurg, Austri. The irds hd free ccess to wter nd feed. The climtic conditions nd lighting progrm were computer-operted nd followed enhnce performnce nd productivity nd to increse the commercil recommendtions. Environmentl the immune sttus of roilers nd consequently increse the resistnce ginst diseses. Proiotic hve displyed growth promoting effect when dded to roiler feed nd wter (Fuller, 1989; Jernign et l., 1985; Mountzouris et l., 2007). Preoitic chicory ws shown lso to increse the ody weight gin, feed conversion nd crcss weight in roilers (Ammermnn et l., 1989; Yusrizl nd Chen, 2003). Morever o temperture in the first week of life ws 35 C, nd o decresed to 25 C till the end of experiment. During the first week 22 hours of light were provided with reduction to 20 hours fterwrds. At 35 dy old, 30 irds were sujected to ctching, hndling, crting in plstic oxes, loding nd trnsported for journey of 80 km (90 min pproximtely). After the irds hd rrived to our lortory, they were housed in ttery cges (5 supplementtion of diet with L. cidophilus nd mnnn irds/cge) nd sujected to physiologicl nd oligoscchride incresed the weight gin nd the ehviourl mesurements. reltive lymphoid orgn weights in roilers experimentlly infected with S. Gllinrium (Kumr et l., 2003). Interestingly, supplementtion of diet with proiotics incresed the L counts nd decresed the H counts nd H/L rtio fter experimentl infection of Heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) rtio: Immeditely up on rrivl, 10 irds from ech group were used for determintion of H/L rtio nd their lood (0.3 ml) ws otined vi wing vein in tues contining EDTA s roilers with S. Gllinrium. Furthermore, nticogulnt. Rpid H/L rtio response ws supplementtion of diet with 0.1 % proiotic (Bcillus sutilis nd Bcillus licheniformis contining 3 x 10 9 cfu/g) for roilers under het stress incresed the differentil leucocytic counts nd decresed the H/L rtio which is importnt in reducing the hrmful effect of het stress (Rhimi nd Khksefidi, 2006). In ddition, supplementtion of roiler diets with Lctocillus improved growth performnce under het stress conditions (Zulkifli et l., 2000). Recently, dietry supplementtion of poultry with E. coli Nissle (1917) prevented the decrese of L counts in cold stressed irds nd prevented the increse in H/L rtio in oth cold stressed nd trnsport stressed irds (Huff et l., 2006). But still little informtions re ville regrding the effects of oth preiotic nd proiotic on physiologicl nd ehviourl stress responses of demonstrted in roiler chickens fter 3 h of rod trnsporttion (Mitchell et l., 1992). Blood films were ir dried (unfixed) nd stined in concentrted My- Grunwld stin for 6 min, 1:1 My-Grunwld stindistilled wter for 1.5 min nd 1:9 Geism stin for 15 min (Roertson nd Mxwell, 1990). To determine the counts of heterophil nd lymphocyte, minimum of 100 cells per film were exmined y light microscopy. All lood counts were exmined y the sme investigtor. The results re presented s the percentge of ech cell occurring in ech film. The H/L rtio ws exmined y dividing the numer of heterophils y the numer of lymphocytes (Gross nd Siegel, 1983). H/L rtio ws shown lso to increse within h in fowl in response to stresses (Gross nd Siegel, 1983) nd peked fter 20 h (Gross, 1990). Therefore, nother

3 Ghree et l.: Effects of Trnsporttion on Stress nd Fer Responses of Growing Broilers Tle 1: Composition of the experimentl diet (%) Ingredient Strter Grower Corn Soy HP Soy oil Meg ft Monoclciumphosphte 0.25 Lysine Methionin 0.08 Threonine 0.13 Premix Proiotic (Lctocillus sp.) c Preiotic (derived from chicory nd rich in inulin) d Clculted composition Dry mtter Crude protein ME (MJ/kg) Crude ft C P N Mg BR 5 Universl Vetmed, Biomin GmH, Herzogenurg, Austri. Ech kg contins clcium 196g, phosphorous 64g, sodium 30g, mgnesium 6g, copper 400 mg, zinc 1200 mg, iron 2000 mg, mngnese 1200 mg, colt 20 mg, iodine 40 mg, selenium 8 mg, vitmin A 200,000 IU, vitmin D 3 80,000 IU., vitmin E 1600mg, vitmin K 3 34 mg, vitmin C 1300mg, vitmin B 35 mg, vitmin B mg, vitmin B mg, vitmin B mcg, nicotinic cid 1340 mg, clcium pntothenic cid 235 mg, choline chloride 8400 mg, folic cid 34 mg, iotin 3350 µg, 8 methionine 30g. 1 x 10 CFU/kg Lctocillus sp. (Biomin GTI GmH, Herzogenurg, Austri) were dded c to constitute the proiotic group. 1 kg/ton were dded to strter nd grower diets to constitute the preiotic group. d Bsed on dry mtter content of 88 %. irds from ech group were used nd their lood ws collected for determintion of H/L rtio t 24 h fter trnsporttion journey. Tonic immoility (TI) rection: A totl of 30 irds (10 irds per group) were tested individully for the durtion of tonic immoility t dy of rrivl. TI rection ws crried out in seprte room hving the sme conditions s the ird room. Birds were out of uditory nd visul contct with the other irds. TI is induced y mnul restrint. The ird ws plced on its ck in U- shped crdle covered with cloth. The ird ws then restrined with one hnd on it s sternum for 45 seconds while holding the hed nd neck y the other hnd. Towrds the end of the induction period, hnd pressure ws grdully lifted so tht if the chick still moved, nother induction period ws strted immeditely, until the movement cesed. After removl of the hnds, stop wtch ws strted. The experimenter then retreted, moving out of sight of the ird nd oserved the ehviour of the ird. The numer of induction trils to ttin tonic immoility lsting t lest 20 seconds nd the durtion of tonic immoility rection, tht is, the ltency until self righting. If the ird righted in less thn 20 seconds, it ws considered tht tonic immoility hd not een induced nd the restrint procedure ws repeted. Conversely, if ird did not show righting response over the 10 min test period, mximum score of 600 seconds ws given for durtion. One week lter nother 10 irds per group were sujected to tonic immoility test to mesure the level of ferfulness of irds fter the dpttion period of irds to stress hd finished. On the ssumption tht plsm corticosterone nd relted ehviourl response would return to norml fter 2 dys following stress nd tht crryover effects ssocited with previous hndling nd trnsporttion would e minimized (Knnn nd Mench, 1996). Results The mens of H counts, L counts nd H/L rtios immeditely up on rrivl in control nd dietry treted groups re presented in Tle 2. The H counts decresed numericlly for oth preiotic chicory nd Lctocillus sp. proiotic treted groups thn the control group. The L counts incresed (P<0.1) for oth preiotic nd proiotic treted group compred with the control. Moreover, the H/L rtios decresed significntly for oth preiotic nd proiotic groups compred with the control group (P<0.1). These results indicte tht ddition of preiotic or proiotic to diets of roilers could help to overcome stress due to trnsporttion with less physiologicl response. Twenty four hours fter trnsporttion stress produced sustntil increse in H counts nd decrese in L counts of control irds ut this did not occur in the preiotic nd proiotic treted groups. The H counts re significntly lower (P<0.05) for preiotic nd proiotic treted groups compred with control group (Tle 3). While L counts were significntly higher for oth preiotic nd proiotic groups compred with control group. Furthermore the H/L rtios were significntly lower for either preiotic or proiotic group compred with control group (Tle 3) indicting tht these feed supplementtion enle the irds to overcome the stresses with less physiologicl responses. There ws no significnt effect of either preiotic or proiotic (P>0.05) on ferfulness of roilers s mesured y tonic immoility rections (TI) fter trnsporttion stress s well s in non-trnsported roilers (Tle 4). However, TI durtion ws longer (P<0.05) fter trnsporttion of roilers for 90 min irrespective to their dietry supplementtion with preiotic nd proiotic (Tle 5) suggesting tht trnsporttion increses the level of ferfulness of roilers. Furthermore, the numer of induction to chieve 680

4 Ghree et l.: Effects of Trnsporttion on Stress nd Fer Responses of Growing Broilers Tle 2: Effect of chicory nd Lctocillus sp. supplementtion on H counts, L counts nd H/L rtio immeditely up on rrivl from trnsporttion journey ( 90 min) Dietry Tretment Control Chicory Lctocillus sp. Proility Prmeters (n= 10) (n= 10) (n= 10) (P) Heterophils (H)% 49±3 43±2 43± Lymphocytes (L)% 43 ±2 51 ±3 52 ± H/L rtio 1.18 ± ± ± The results re presented s mens ± SEM (ANOVA followed y Duncn' test. Mens within the sme row with no common superscripts differ significntly (P= 0.05) Tle 3: Effect of chicory nd Lctocillus sp. supplementtion on H counts, L counts nd H/L rtio fter 24 h from trnsporttion journey (90 min) Dietry tretments Control Chicory Lctocillus sp. Proility Prmeters (n= 10) (n= 10) (n= 10) (P) Heterophils (H)% 51 ±2 35 ±5 33 ± Lymphocytes (L)% 45 ±2 57 ±7 61 ± H/L rtio 1.16 ± ± ± The results re presented s mens ± SEM (ANOVA followed y Duncn' test. Mens within the sme row with no common superscripts differ significntly (P < 0.05) TI rection ws lower (P<0.05) for the trnsported irds following commercil trnsporttion of roilers tht irrespective to their dietry tretments (Tle 5) trnsport per se my gretly increse irds ferfulness suggesting tht trnsporttion increses the (Cshmnn et l., 1989; Nicol nd Scott, 1990). Plsm susceptiility of roilers to TI (to e frightened y externl corticosterone is elevted following rod journey stimultion). (Freemnn et l., 1984; Stterlee et l., 1989) which is consistent with the post-trnsport increse of heterophil: Discussion There is growing interest concerning the welfre prolems ssocited with hrvesting, trnsporttion nd preslughter hndling of roilers. Trnsporttion is multifctor process ssocited with vriety of stressors which my covertly reduce welfre. Ctching, lymphocyte rtios (Stterlee et l., 1989; Mitchell et l., 1992; Mxwell, 1993). Gross nd Siegel (1983) compred plsm corticosterone concentrtions nd H/L rtio responses to vrious stressors nd concluded tht the ltter is the etter indictor of stress in poultry. Therefore, sed on ll previous informtions the need loding, unloding nd testing in noise environment for modulting the dverse physiologicl nd my evoke stress nd increse the ferfulness of roiler chickens (Freemn, 1984; Cshmn et l., 1989; Nicol nd Scott, 1990; Knowels nd Broom, 1990; Mitchell et l., 1992; Mitchell nd Kettlewell, 1998). The stressors of trnsporttion process include therml extremes, feed nd wter deprivtion, noise, overcrowding, sudden movement nd virtion (Mench, 1992; Mitchell nd Kettlewell, 1998). Physicl injuries, pin nd mortlity re reported fter trnsporttion of roilers (Knowels nd Broom 1990; Byliss nd Hinton, 1990). Physiologicl stress responses nd level of ferfulness re used to ssess welfre of roiler chickens fter their trnsport in ddition to other ssessments s ded-onrrivls, physicl injuries, crcss chrcteristics nd version (Nicol nd Scott, 1990). Previous studies hve ehviourl consequences following hrvesting nd trnsporttion of roilers hs gret concern in poultry industry. In the present study, the L counts re higher nd H/L rtios re lower for oth the chicory nd Lctocillus sp. treted irds compred with the control group fter 90 min of rod trnsporttion. These results indicte tht dietry supplementtion of chicory or Lctocillus sp. increse the L counts nd decrese the H/L rtios of the trnsported roilers which could help to overcome the trnsporttion stresses with less immune response. Twenty four hours fter trnsporttion, there ws sustntil decrese in H counts nd H/L rtios nd n increse in L counts of oth chicory nd Lctocillus sp. supplemented irds ut this did not occur in their chrcterized the ehviourl nd physiologicl control counterprts. H/L rtios were lower for oth responses of irds to trnsporttion in either field or lortory trils. Duncn (1989) suggested tht trnsport on vehicle represents sever stressor sed upon mesurements of tonic immoility (TI), hert rte, nd plsm corticosterone concentrtions. These findings re supported y studies involving mesurements of TI chicory nd Lctocillus sp. treted irds compred with controls suggesting tht either chicory or Lctocillus sp. supplementtion cn modulte the physiologicl stress responses. In ddition H counts re lower for oth chicory nd Lctocillus sp. treted irds compred with controls. While L counts were higher for 681

5 Ghree et l.: Effects of Trnsporttion on Stress nd Fer Responses of Growing Broilers Tle 4: Effects of chicory nd Lctocillus sp. supplementtion on ferfulness of roilers s indicted y tonic immoility rection Dietry tretments Control Chicory Lctocillus sp. Proility Prmeters (n= 10) (n= 10) (n= 10) (P) Trnsported irds TI inductions 1.1± ±0.10 1± TI durtions 382±68 333±60 313± Non-trnsported irds TI inductions 1.3± ± ± TI durtions 121±50 126±58 132± The results re presented s mens ± SEM (ANOVA) oth chicory nd Lctocillus sp. treted irds immoility nd the ese of eing induced represent compred with control group. To our knowledge this is useful ehviourl index of fer (Fure nd Mills, 1998). the first report concerning the effects of feeding chicory The durtion of TI ws considered to e mesure of nd Lctocillus sp. on H/L rtios of trnsported roiler the fer level of ird immeditely preceding its chickens. induction into TI nd of the underlying ferfulness of Blood smples either on rrivl or fter 24 h fter stress ird (Jones, 1990) under the ssumption tht the ird is of trnsporttion hd finished reveled tht dietry more frightened nd more ferful when TI is esily supplementtion of roiler chickens with chicory or induced nd remined immoile for longer durtion Lctocillus sp. cn modulte the physiologicl stress (Jones, 1992; Scott nd Morn, 1993). response of trnsported irds nd consequently In the present study trnsporttion of roiler chickens enhnce tolernce to stresses nd overcoming it with ffects oth their susceptiility to TI rection (the ese of less physiologicl response. These results re in eing induced) nd their durtions of TI irrespective to greement with the work of Huff et l. (2006) who dietry tretment. The durtion of tonic immoility ws suggested tht dietry supplementtion of poultry with E. pprecily prolonged y trnsporttion in the present coli (1917) proiotic prevented the increse in H/L rtio study. Indeed, reltively high overll fer levels were in oth cold stressed nd trnsported stressed irds indicted s the numer of inductions required to nd prevented the decrese of L counts in cold stressed chieve TI rection ws reduced y trnsporttion. This irds. Similrly, Kumr et l. (2003) found tht prolongtion of TI durtion nd the ese of its induction supplementtion of diet with proiotics incresed the L represented the higher level of ird underlying counts nd decrese the H counts nd H/L rtio fter ferfulness fter trnsporttion. These results re in experimentl infection of roilers with S. Gllinrium. greement with the oservtions of Cshmn et l. Furthermore, supplementtion of diet with 0.1 % (1989) in roiler chickens nd Scott et l. (1998) in lying proiotic (Bcillus sutilis nd Bcillus licheniformis) for hens. The ctching, crting nd trnsport of roilers ws roilers under het stress incresed the differentil novel stimulus ecuse the irds re not routinely leucocytic counts nd decresed the H/L rtio which is treted in this mnner. Novelty is the stimulus importnt in reducing the hrmful effect of het stress chrcterized most often with fer (Murphy, 1978). (Rhimi nd Khksefidi, 2006). Our results lso reveled tht neither dietry preiotic Fer is n importnt component of stress nd it hs chicory nor proiotic Lctocillus sp. could not even proposed tht physicl stressors my fil to modulte the fer levels s mesured y TI rection. ctivte the hypothlmus-pituitry-dreno-corticl (HPA) Bsed on these results, it my ssume tht the trend of xis if the vrile of emotionl rousl is voided H/L rtios did not correlte well with the ehviourl (Hvery et l., 1984). The common displys of physicl index of fer (TI rection). Although durtion of TI rection stress in roilers re minly from hrvesting nd nd numer of its induction were similr for different trnsporttion which elevte the plsm corticosterone dietry tretments, H/L rtios were lower for either concentrtions (Freemn et l., 1984). Although fer nd dietry preiotic chicory or preiotic Lctocillus sp. stress re not synonymous (Jones, 1987), fer my lso irds compred to controls. Evidence of fer is contriute to overll stress, prticulrly if the freighting considered s n dptive pyschophysiologicl stimultion is intense, prolonged or inescple (Hill, response to perceived dnger s vitl component of 1983; Jones, 1987). stress response (Jones, 1996). Moreover, it ws shown The most roust mesures of ferfulness in poultry re tht H/L rtios were higher for hens showing long tonic the vriles of tonic immoility (TI) rection (Jones, immoility rection thn those of short tonic immoility. 1986) which is defined s n unlerned stte of reduced However, no positive reltionship etween H/L rtios responsiveness to externl stimultion nd induced y nd TI rection in lying hens (Cmpo nd Redondo, gentle physicl restrint. Both the durtion of tonic 1996). As well s it ws shown tht the reltionship 682

6 Ghree et l.: Effects of Trnsporttion on Stress nd Fer Responses of Growing Broilers Tle 5: Effect of trnsporttion on the level of ferfulness of roilers s mesured y TI rections irrespective to dietry tretments Without Mesurements Trnsport trnsport P TI inductions 1.07± ± TI durtions 379±38 127± The results re presented s mens ± SEM (t test of independent smples). etween physiologicl indictors of stress nd ehviourl mesures of fer is not necessrily strightforwrd (Cshmn et l., 1989). As fsting nd frustrtion of feeding elevted plsm corticosterone (Scnes et l., 1980) nd did not ffect TI rection (Gllup, 1987). It ws reported tht supplementtion of scoric cid in the drinking wter modulted oth physiologicl stress response (H/L rtios) nd underlying ferfulness (TI durtion) fter preslughter hndling of roilers suggesting tht supplementl scoric cid my offer fesile method for lleviting fer nd stress responses nd enhncing poultry welfre (Stterlee et l., 1994; Zulkifli et l., 2000). But preiotic chicory nd proiotic Lctocillus sp. supplementtion in our study cn llevite stress response without ffecting the underlying ferfulness of irds. It ws shown tht oth preiotic nd proiotic improved the immune response of irds (Spring et l., 2000; Hung et l., 2004) nd consequently their resistnce to diseses. Wheres, roilers fed with mnnoligoscchrides (MOS) hd lower incidence of infections with Slmonell typhimurium (Newmn, 1996), Cmpylocter jejuni (Schoeni nd Wong, 1994), nd E. coli (Spring, 1996). Additionlly, Svge et l. (1996) found tht MOS enhnced the Ig G nd Ig A production in turkeys. Mnnn-oligoscchride increses the mternl ntiody titers in roiler reeders (Shshidhr nd Devegowd, 2003) nd titers to sheep red lood cells (Cotter et l., 2000). In ddition Mnnn-oligoscchride chnged the lymphocyte prolifertive responses in roilers (Cotter nd Weiner, 1997). As well s Lctocillus sp. incresed the mcrophges nd lymphocyte ctivities in mice (Perdigon et l., 1986), elevted the white lood cell counts nd totl serum protein nd gloulin in pigs (Pollmnn et l., 1980) nd increses the secreting immunogloulin IgA from the stimulted mucosl immune system in the ileum of lyers (Nhshon et l., 1994). The expression of physiologicl functions such s growth, immune competence nd disese resistnce in n individul is interply of genetics, nutrition nd environment (Gross nd Siegel, 1988; Thim et l., 1997). These immunomodultory effects of preiotic nd proiotic could explin how chicory preiotic nd Lctocillus sp. proiotic in the present study modulted the physiologicl response of the trnsported ird nd overcome the stress with less response (lower H/L rtio) compred with controls. However, their stimultion to the immune system of the ird is not necessry ccompnied y decresing the irds underlying level of ferfulness. It ws shown lso tht improvement of housing conditions of lying hens did not ffect fer levels s mesures y TI fter hndling nd trnsporttion (Scott et l., 1998). In conclusion, supplementtion of roiler diet with either preiotic chicory or proiotic Lctocillus sp. cn modulte the physiologicl response of the trnsported irds ut not their levels of ferfulness. References Ammermn, E., C. Qurles nd Jr. Twining, Evlution of fructooligoscchrides on performnce nd crcss yield of mle roilers. Poult. Sci., 68 (Suppl.): 167. Byliss, P.A. nd M.H. Hinton, Trnsporttion of roilers with specil reference to mortlity rtes. Appl. Anim. Behv. Sci., 28: Cmpo, J.L. nd A. Redondo, Tonic immoility rection nd heterophil to lymphocyte rtio in hens from three Spnish reeds lying pink eggshells. Poult. Sci., 75: Cshmn, P.J., J.C. Nicol nd R.B. Jones, Effects of trnsporttion on the tonic immoility fer rections of roilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 30: Cotter, P.F. nd J. Weiner, Dietry Bio MOS modultes kinetics of the phytohemgglutinin wttle rection in chickens. Poult. Sci. 76 (Suppl.1): 111. Cotter, P.F, B. Mzone, B. Pluch, M.S. Lilum nd A.E. Stefn, Modultion of humorl immunity in commercil lying hens y proiotic. Poult. Sci., 79 (Suppl.1): 38. Duncn, I.J.H., The ssessment of welfre during the hndling nd trnsport of roilers. Pges, in: Proceedings of the Third Europen Symposium on Poultry Welfre. J. M. Fure nd A. D. Mills, ed. Frnch Brnch of the World s Poultry Science Assocition, Tours, Frnce. Fure, J.M. nd A. Mills, Improving the dptility of nimls y selection. In: T. Grndin (Ed.), Genetics nd the Behvior, Acdemic Press, Sn Diego, pp: Freemn, B.M., P.J. Kettlewell, A.C.C. Mnning nd P.S. Berry, The stress of trnsporttion of roilers. Vet. Record, 114: Fuller, R., Proiotics in mn nd nimls. J. Appl. Bcteriol., 66: Gllup, G.G., Animl hypnosis: fctul sttus of fictionl concept. Psycholog. Bulletin, 81: Gross, W.B. nd P.B. Siegel, Environmentl genetic influences on immunocompetence. J. Anim. Sci., 66: Gross, W.B. nd H.S. Siegel, Evlution of the heterophil/lymphocyte rtio s mesure of stress in chickens. Avin Dis., 27:

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