Nutritional Strategies to Combat the Effect of Heat Stress in Chicken

Transcription

1 122 Journl of Animl Science nd Technology Vol.1(2013) Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken Rjgor Bhrt, Bhgwt S.R., Pwr M.M., Kulkrni R.C., Srivstv A.K. Chhun H.D., Mkwn R.B. 1 MV Sc Scholr, 2 Professor & Hed, Animl Nutrition, 3 Assistnt Professor, Animl Nutrition, 4 Assistnt Professor, Livestock Production & Mngement, 5 Assistnt Professor, Livestock Production & Mngement, 6 Assistnt Professor, Livestock Production & Mngement 7 Veterinry Officer, Livestock Production & Mngement, Deprtment of Animl Nutrition, College of Veterinry Science & AH, SDAU, Srdrkrushingr (Received on ; Accepted on ) Astrct Het stress reduces the production performnce of chicken leds to immunosuppression nd increses the mortlity rte in chicken. All the nutritionl supplements (e.g. vitmins, zinc, Kcl) hve functions in reltion to het stress. Suitle minerl nd vitmin premixes cn e developed for het stressed chickens for improved performnce, welfre nd reducing feed cost. Het stress increse the serum concentrtion of ACTH which increse corticosteroid level nd in turns reduces the production. Dietry supplementtion of vitmin C (200 mg/kg) improved the egg production nd egg shell qulity in lying hen during summer stress. Ascoric Acid supplementtion (300 mg/kg of diet) improved ody weight gin, feed conversion rtio nd decresed the mortlity in roilers. Dietry supplementtion of nti-oxidnt vitmins (vitmin E or vitmin C in comintion) is helpful to mintin the growth performnce, egg production nd improvement in egg qulity. Vitmin E (250 mg/kg diet) incresed serum concentrtion of T 3, T 4 nd decresed concentrtion of ACTH therey production is mintined. Low protein diet (14%) with provision of dditionl 0.44% mintined the production performnce of lying hens. Supplementtion of Dietry Electrolyte Blnce like NCl, NHCO 3, KHCO 3 nd NH 4 Cl (360 m Eq/kg) in het stress cn improve eggshell qulity of lying hens. Supplementtion of 0.1% KCl with 400 mg vitmin C showed etter performnce for roilers rered under het stress. Zinc in comintion with vitmin A improves performnce nd crcss qulity of roiler under het stress. Keywords: Immunosuppression; Acth; Electrolyte; Vitmin C; Vitmin E; Stress; KCl; Vitmin A. Corresponding uthor:a.k. Srivstv, Assistnt Professor, Deprtment of Livestock Production nd Mngement, College of Veterinry Science nd Animl Husndry, Srdrkrushingr Dntiwd Agriculturl University, Srdrkrushingr, Gujrt Emil: ksrivstvvet@gmil.com Red Flower Puliction Pvt Ltd Journl of Animl Science nd Technology

2 A.K. Srivstv et l / Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken 123 Introduction (Tye, 2009) Stress The term stress is descried s, physicl or psychologicl stimulus tht cn produce mentl tension or physiologicl rections tht my led to illness. Or Devition from Norml Physiologicl ehviour. Or The term Stress is used to descrie the detrimentl effects of vriety of fctors on the helth nd performnce of poultry. Birds hve limited ody resources for growth, reproduction, response to environmentl chnges nd defense mechnism. Fctor ffecting stress 1. Environmentl: Poor Ventiltion, mmoni gs, Pollutnts, wet liter, high light intensity 2. Climtic: Extreme het / cold, humidity 3. Physicl: Ctching, Hndling Trnsport, Injections, Ion moiliztion etc. 4. Nutritionl: Nutrient Shortges, intke Prolems, Adulterted feed, Toxic 5. Physiologicl: Rpid growth, high egg prod., Process of sexul Mturing, Molting etc. 6. Socil: Over crowding vrious ge/size, Grouping 7. Psychologicl: Fer, hrsh cre tkers, rupt chnges etc. Het loss Cold Stress Low Lower Criticl Temperture Cool Thermo neutrl Zone Optimum for Performnce nd Helth 18 0 C 24 0 C Upper Criticl Temperture Wrm Het Stress High Exposure to high environmentl temperture is of mjor concern for the poultry industry especilly in hot regions of the world ecuse of the poor performnce nd high mortlity in chicken.[1]birds cn e rered in thermoneutrl zone (18 0 C nd 24 0 C). When temperture increses eyond 30 0 C it cuses het stress in poultry.[2] Thermo Neutrl Zone: The rnge of mient temperture within which the niml doesn t need to expend ny dditionl energy in order to regulte ody temperture.[3] Therml lnce: It is the sum of het gin nd het loss. Het stress: It is term commonly used to descrie the irds response to elevted temperture nd humidity, where norml response to incresed het dissiption such s, increse respirtory rte nd pnting. [3] High mient temperture is of gret concern in ll types of poultry opertions. 30 0C 3 Non-Evportive H et Loss Evportive het loss C onduction Trnsfers only from ody Respirtory evportion (pnting) C onvection Rditio n PPPPle Volume 1 Numer 2 / July - Decemer 2013

3 124 A.K. Srivstv et l / Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken Het loss in poultry is limited due to fethering nd the sence of swet glnds. When the temperture nd reltive humidity exceed the comfort level of ird, it loses the ility to efficiency dissipte het. High mient tempertures compromise performnce nd productivity through reducing feed intke nd decresing nutrient utiliztion, growth rte nd egg qulity, which led to economic losses in poultry. Physiologicl mechnism When niml first encounters stressor, the neurogenic system is ctivted. It leds to relese of neurotrnsmitters like NE nd E. Stressors immeditely results in the ctivtion of the hypothlmic-pituitry-drenl corticl system. When this system is ctivted, the hypothlmus produces corticotrophinrelesing fctor (CRF), which in turn stimultes the pituitry to relese drenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Secretion of ACTH cuses the cells of drenl corticl tissue to proliferte nd to secrete corticosteroids[4] Why irds re more susceptile to high temperture? Lck of swet glnds Fether covered ody Low surfce re Higher Bsl Metolic Rte [5] Consequences of het stress Effect of het stress on feed intke nd growth performnce of chicken: At high environmentl temperture feed intke of irds were decresed nd ultimtely decresed egg production nd egg qulity.[6] High mient temperture reduces the performnce such s feed intke, live weight gin nd feed efficiency in roilers.[7] Effect of het stress on nutrient retention: At high environmentl temperture retention of dry mtter, ft, protein nd strch will e reduced nd vilility will led to reduction in growth nd production.[8] Effect of het stress on immunity: Het stress cuses relese of corticosteroids nd ctecholmine s nd cuses lipid per oxidtion of cell memrne minly T-Lymphocytes, which hve minly immune-suppression ction.[9] Effect of het stress on cid se lnce: At high mient temperture ody temperture nd respirtory rte of irds ultimtely decrese PCO 2 level in lood plsm. In turn, icronte uffer system decreses the concentrtion of cronic cid nd hydrogen ions nd increse plsm p H.[10] In response to tht, kidney increse icronte ions excretion nd decrese Hydrogen ion excretion s n ttempt to keep irds in cid se lnce. Excretion of more icronte ion leds to respirtory lklosis.[11] Effect of het stress on egg qulity: In lying hens increse icronte excretion ultimtely decrese plsm concentrtion of icronte ions cuses limiting vilility of nion required during formtion of CCO 3 crystls in the shell. So egg shell qulity comprises.[12] Nutritionl strtegies: Nutritionl strtegies include supplementtion of: I. Vitmins II. Electrolytes III. Amino cids IV. Minerls[13] Vitmins: Vit E, C nd A used in poultry diet ecuse of their nti stress effects nd lso ecuse of their synthesis is reduced during the Journl of Animl Science nd Technology

4 A.K. Srivstv et l / Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken 125 Tle 1: Effect of vitmins supplementtion on feed intke nd egg production V it min C (mg /kg diet) Fee d int ke (g/he n/d y) Fee d effi ci ency ( e gg m ss / fee d) Egg production Egg we ight Mens with different superscripts within column differ, n= 120 (4 Group), wks, Mrch June, Amient Temp. = 30 0 C C het stress.[14] Why vitmins re necessry in het stress: Vitmin E protect the lymphocytes nd mcrophges due to its nti oxidnt property nd enhnced prolifertion nd function of these cells.[15] Vitmin A decrese Synthesis nd secretion of corticosteroids which help to llevite negtive effect of het stress.[16] Vitmin C hs een reported to enhnce immune response y modifying corticosteroid synthesis in drenl glnd.[17] Vitmin C plys role in one mturtion y improving hydroxyproline production, which is required for collgen formtion. Hence it is postulted tht vitmin C stimultes 1, 25 dihydrocholeclciferol nd increse clcium moiliztion from one, suggesting tht vitmin C hs importnt role in eggshell formtion[8] Effect of vitmin C supplementtion on productive performnce of WL Pnd et l (2007) crried out n experiment on 120 white Leghorn irds to found effect of vitmin C on feed intke nd egg production nd they reported tht levels of Vitmin C supplementtion did not influence food consumption ut FCR ws incresed significntly due to supplementtion of Vitmin C t either 200 or 400 mg/kg diet. Egg production incresed significntly y supplementing 200 mg/kg Vit C s compre to control (Tle 1).[17] Ciftci et l (2005) conducted n experiment on 120 White Leghorn hens nd reported tht Hen dy egg production ws incresed significntly nd mortlity percent decrese significntly in vitmin supplemented groups s compre to control group. [19]However, when oth vitmin E nd C were given in comintion, the highest ody weight ws oserved chieved, improved FCR nd hen dy egg production nd decresed mortlity up to 50% s compred to control group (Tle 2). Effect of vitmins supplementtion on egg qulity Pnd et l (2007) reported tht egg qulity prmeters like specific grvity, shell reking strength nd hugh units were not influenced y Vitmin C supplementtion. However, shell weight nd shell thickness were improved significntly due to 200 mg/kg Vitmin C. No further enefits in these prmeters could e oserved y enhncing the level of supplementtion eyond 200 mg/kg diet Tle 2: Effect of dietry vitmin E nd C supplementtion on growth nd egg production performnces in lying hens Groups Volume 1 Numer 2 / July - Decemer 2013 intke (g/hen/dy) Control Vitmin E (125 mg/kg diet) Vitmin C (200 mg/kg diet) Vitmin E + Vitmin C Body weight conversion rtio (g feed/ g egg) Hen dy egg production (%) Mortlity (%) d c c d Mens with different superscripts within column differ N= 120 Hyline-White leghorn hens, 150 dys old (4 G), July 15 th -sep.15 th,temp = 26 0 C C, R.H. = 50 % - 75 %

5 126 A.K. Srivstv et l / Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken Tle 3: Effect of Vitmin C supplementtion on egg qulity of White Leghorn lyers (Tle 3). [17] Vitmin C (mg/kg diet) Specific grvity Mzir et l (2007) found the effect of Vitmin E nd C on egg qulity of White Lnghorne. They showed tht egg shell thickness ws higher thn control ut did not significntly.[20] However yolk % ws incresed significntly (Tle 4). Effect of vitmins supplementtion on Humorl immune response of het stress in Lyers Mzir et l (2007) lso found the effect of vitmins supplementtion on ntiody titer of 36 White Leghorn nd concluded tht vitmin supplemented group significntly higher ntiody titer s compre to control group (Tle 5).[20] Shell reking Strength (Newton) Shell weight Shell thickness (mm ) Hugh unit Mens with different superscripts within column differ, n= 120 (4 G), wks, Mrch June, Amient Temp. = 30 0C C Tretments Shell thickness (mm) Egg shell (%) Control Vitmin E (200 mg/kg diet) Vitmin C (200 mg/kg diet) Tle Egg yolk (%) Hough unit Effect of vitmins supplementtion on feed intke nd growth performnce of roilers under het stress Onu (2009) reported tht irds fed supplementl scoric cid chieved significntly higher weight gin thn control.[21] The 300 mg of scoric cid supplementtion in roiler strter diet gve the highest ody weight gin. Birds fed 300 mg/kg scoric cid of feed recorded lower mortlity (Tle 6). An experiment conducted y Shin et l (2001) to know the effect of vitmin E nd A on performnce of 120 roilers. They concluded tht supplementtion of Vitmin A nd E either considered seprtely or s comintion, incresed feed intke nd ody weight gin significntly in roilers.[14] However feed efficiency remins similr in ll tretment. (Tle 7). Effect of vitmins supplementtion on serum concentrtion of T 3, T4, ACTH nd nti oxidnt sttus in poultry Tle 5: Effect of vitmin E nd vitmin C on immune response of lying hens Tle 6: Effect of Ascoric Acid supplementtion on performnce in roilers Tretments Control Vitmin E (200 m g/kg diet) Vitmin C (200 mg /kg diet) Antiody titer (log ) Mens with different superscripts within column differ. N= 36 (3 G) White leghorn (Hylinevriety ), 42 dys, Temp = 33 0 C C, R.H. = 35 % - 55 % Tretments Body weight gin intke conversion rtio M ortli ty Control c c c Vit m in C (150 m g/kg) Vit m in C (300 m g/kg) Vit m in C (450 m g/kg) Mens with different superscripts within column differ N= 120 Ank 2000, 4 G (7 dy old) 35 dys Journl of Animl Science nd Technology

6 A.K. Srivstv et l / Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken 127 Tle 7: Effects of vitmin E (250mg/kg ) nd vitmin A (1500 IU/kg)supplementtion on performnce in roilers rered under het stress Tretments Control Vitmin A Vitmin E Vitmin A + Vitmin E intke Body weight efficiency (g ody weight/g feed) c c d c 0.60 Mens with different superscripts within column differ N= 120 (Co 500 mle roiler) 42 dys, Temp = 32 0 C, R.H. = % Shinet l (2001) reported tht Serum concentrtion of T3 nd T4 were significntly higher nd ACTH concentrtion in serum ws lower in vitmins supplemented group s compred to the control group (Tle 8).[14] Tle 8: Effects of vitmin E (250mg/kg) nd vitmin A (1500 IU/kg) supplementtion on serum concentrtion of T3, T4 nd ACTH in roilers rered under het stress T r e tm en t s C o n tr o l V it m in A V it m in E V it m in A + V it m in E T 3 ( n g /m l) T 4 (n g /m l ) A C T H (n g /m l ) c 4.55 c c Mens with different superscripts within column differ N= 120 (Co 500 mle roiler) 42 dys, Temp = 32 0 C, R.H. = % Tle 9. Effect of vitmin C supplementtion on nti oxidnt sttus of Lyers A n t iox id n t e n zym es S u p ple m e ntl vi tm in C in d ie ts (m g/kg) C t l se, ( K /g h e m ogl o in c Lip id p erox id t ion, (n m o l M D A /m g p rot ein ) G lu t th io ne p e roxi d s e, (u n it/m l) c d Mens with different superscripts within column differ n= 120 (4 G), wks, Mrch June, Amient Temp. = 30 0 C 44 0 C Tle 10: Effects of vitmin E supplementtion on minerl concentrtion in roiler chicks Vitmin E (mg /kg) C (mg /dl) P (m g/dl) Pnd et l (2007) found tht Glutthione peroxidse ctivity ws not influenced y supplementtion of vitmin C in diet. However, Supplementtion of vitmin C significntly reduced the ctivity of lipid peroxidse nd incresed ctivity of ctlse (Tle 9).[17] Effect of vitmins supplementtion on minerl concentrtion in poultry: Shinet l (2002) oserved tht incresing dietry vitmin E supplementtion cused liner incresed in serum concentrtions of C nd P[22] (Tle 10). Pnd et l (2007) studied the effect of vitmin supplementtions on serum C nd P concentrtion in lying hens. They reported tht Supplementl Vitmin C did not influence serum inorgnic phosphorus concentrtion.[17] However Concentrtion of C in serum incresed significntly due to vitmin C 400 mg/kg (Tle 11). Dietry electrolytes * 6.68 * * 7.04 * * 7.09 * *= (P<0.01) N= 150 mle roiler chicks (5 G) 42 dys, Temp = C, R.H. = % Supplementtion of electrolytes in wter Tle 11: Effect of vitmin C supplementtion on minerl concentrtion prmeters in lying hen P r m e te rs V it m in C (m g /k g d iet ) C lciu m (m g/d l) P h osp h oru s (m g/d l) Mens with different superscripts within row differ n= 120 (4 G), wks, Mrch June, Amient Temp. = 30 0 C C Volume 1 Numer 2 / July - Decemer 2013

7 128 A.K. Srivstv et l / Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken Tle 12: Effect of DEB on performnce of lying commercil hens exposed to het stress Tre t m e n ts D E B ( m E q /k g) Fe ed i n t ke (g/h en /d y ) FC R (g fee d /g eg g) E gg p rod uct ion E gg m ss (g /h e n /d y) E gg w ei gh t N= 256 lying commercil hen, (4 G) (55-65 weeks), DEB (Dietry Electrolyte Blnce) = NCl + NHCo 3 + KHCO 3 + NH 4 Cl, Temp. = 30 0 C C, R.H. = 70 %, Sept 23 th Dec 6 th enhnce Wter consumption. Increse tolernce to het stress. Improve production performnce. Supplementtion of Potssium 300 or 600 mg improved ody weight, FCR, oxidtive stress profile nd other welfre prmeters during oth hot & hot humid summer ut effect were more eneficil during hot humid summer. Tle 13: Effect of dietry electrolyte lnce on egg shell qulity of lying commercil hens exposed to het stress T re tm en ts D E B (m E q /k g) Eg g S h el l W e igh t (g ) S p e ci fic G rv ity E g g S h e ll T h i ck n e ss ( m m ) Mens with different superscripts within column differ Tle 14: Effect of potssium chloride supplementtion on performnce of roiler Tret men ts intk e B od y weight gin Control % K Cl % K Cl con version rtio(g gin /g f eed ) Mens with different superscripts within column differ N=135 Hurd roilers, (3 G),7-42 dys in My-June, Temp = C, R.H.= %, Control = Tp wter without KCl 0.3 % nd 0.6 % KCl (w/vl) y supplementing 3 nd 6 g of KCl, respectively. Hooge (1995) stted tht Electrolytes re compounds which re dissolved nd dissocited into positively nd negtively ions in suitle medium.[23] Effect of Electrolytes supplementtion on performnce nd egg qulity of lying hen Under Het Stress: Nokht et l (2006) concluded tht DEB levels did not ffect egg production, FCR, intke, Egg mss nd Egg weight[24] (Tle 12). They lso found DEB effect of egg shell qulity nd reported tht Egg Shell weight nd specific grvity in 240 nd 360 level of DEB incresed significntly (P<0.01). Egg shell thickness incresed with incresing electrolyte lnce (Tle 13). Effect of Electrolytes supplementtion on performnce of roiler: Ahmd et l (2008) crried out n experiment on roilers to know the effect of electrolytes supplementtion on performnce. They reported tht wter tretment with 0.6% KCl resulted in significntly higher BW gin.[ A significntly improvement in FCR ws noted in 0.6% KCl Tle 15: Effect of wter supplements on the ody weight gin of roiler chicks W e ek s Con tro l A cetic A cid N H CO 3 K Cl c d d c d c Mens with different superscripts within row differ N= 200 Hurd Chicks (4 G), ge= 0-6 week, Temp = C, Control = No Supp., Acetic 1.5 ml/l wter, NHCO 0.5%, 0.15% Journl of Animl Science nd Technology

8 A.K. Srivstv et l / Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken 129 Tle 16: Effect of potssium chloride supplementtion on crcss weight of roilers Tr e t m e n ts C rc ss w e ig h t (% o f liv e w e ig h t) C o ntr o l % K C l % K C l N=150 Hurd roilers, (3 G), 42 dys, Control = Tp wter without KCl 0.3 % nd 0.6 % KCl (w/vl) y supplementing 3 nd 6 g of KCl, respectively. Tle 17: Effect of Ascoric Acid nd Potssium Chloride Supplementtion on dressing percent of Broiler Chicks Gro up s C on trol T 1 T 2 T 3 D re ss in g P erce n t n = 420 Rose Chick (4 G), 3-7 weeks, T1 = 0.1 % KCl/L mg/kg Ascoric Acid, T2 = 0.1 % KCl/L + 400mg/kg Ascoric Acid, T3 = 0.1 % KCl/L + 600mg/kg Ascoric Acid supplement group[25] (Tle 14). The three wter supplements used y Hssn et l (2009) in this study, cetic cid, NHCO 3 nd KCl hve improved weight gins in roiler chicks t 2, 4 nd 6 wks of ge except KCl treted groups t 2 wks of ge which my e due to decresed wter consumption t the first week[26] (Tle 15). Effect of electrolytes nd vitmins supplementtion on crcss qulity: Ahmd et l (2008) found no significnt effect of KCl on crcss qulity of 150 roilers[25] (Tle 16). Ihsn et l (2011) stted tht dressing percentge ws significntly higher in T3 Tle 19: Effect of Ascoric Acid nd Potssium Chloride Supplementtion on Performnce Broiler Chicks Rered under Summer Condition Tretments compred to T1[27] (Tle 17). Effect of comintion of electrolytes nd vitmins: Roussn et l (2008) reported tht totl feed consumption, FCR nd mortlity rte of irds in the HS-NON group were significntly greter thn those in the HS-SUP group.[28] These clerly indicted tht significntly lowered mortlity rte nd FCR occurred under cyclic het stress tempertures when scoric cid, ASA, KCl nd NHCO 3 were supplemented (Tle 18). Ihsn et l (2011) concluded tht tretment hd no effect on during the periods 21-28, nd dys old roilers.[27] In ll experiment period T2 chieved significnt men highest gin (Tle 19). Amino cids dys dys Control T T T Body Weight Gin dys dys dys c Mens with different superscripts within column differ N= 420 Rose Chick (4 G), 3-7 weeks, T1 = 0.1 % KCl/L mg/kg Ascoric Acid, T2 = 0.1 % KCl/L + 400mg/kg Ascoric Acid, T3 = 0.1 % KCl/L + 600mg/kg Protein requirement is decresed z of Tle 18: Effect of supplementtion of Ascoric Acid, Acetylslicylic Acid, Sodium Bicronte nd Potssium Chloride on the Performnce of Broiler (35 dys ge) Volume 1 Numer 2 / July - Decemer 2013 G ro u p s To t l fe e d co n s u m p tio n (g / ir d ) L iv e B od y W ei g h t G in (g / i r d ) F e ed c o n ve r s io n r tio M o rt l ity R te C o n t ro l c c H S -S U P H S -N O N c c Mens with different superscripts within column differ N= 225 Femle Ross roiler, (3 G) 7 dys, Control = Thermo neutrl, HS- SUP =Cyclic Temp. + Ascoric Acid nd 62.5 mg/l, NHCO 75 mg/l nd 125 mg/l in wter, HS-NON =Cyclic Tem. Without Suppl., Cyclic temp = C for 12 hrs, C for 12 hrs

9 130 A.K. Srivstv et l / Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken Tle 20: Effect of methionine supplementtion in the rtion of commercil lyers during summer M eth i on in e ( % ) Fee d In t ke ( g/h en /d y) F ee d C on vers io n rt io ( g fe ed /g e gg) suppression in Production performnce. High protein diet during het stress decrese growth rte & met yield. Protein hs high het increment. Diets contining lower protein levels & supplemented with limited mino cids, methionine, lysine gve etter results. Rvikirn nd Devegoed, (1998) reported tht significnt (P<0.05) improvement in egg production nd reduction in feed intke in oth levels of methionine supplementtion. However the differences etween the two supplemented groups were non-significnt, oth with respect to egg production nd feed intke. efficiency improved significntly. Significntly decresed in roken eggs[29] (Tle 20). Bunchsk nd Silpsorn, (2005) reported tht the Low-CP diet with 0.26% methionine hd significntly depressed feed consumption of hens compred to other experimentl groups (P<0.01).[30]Methionine intke ws significntly linerly incresed s the Methionine Level (%) Group E gg p rod u ctio n supplementl levels incresed. In ddition, incresed dietry Met intke significntly improved FCR nd consumption of hens. Adding Methionine t 0.38% or 0.44% diet etter effect thn other level (Tle 21). Minerls E gg we igh t ( g) B rok e n eggs Res p ir tory rt e n o./m i n ut e Mens with different superscripts within column differ N= 720 hens of commercil strin A of 28 wks ge (3G) 6 wks, Temp. = C Tle 21: Effects of dditionl methionine in low-protein diet on performnce of lying hens from 24 to 44 weeks of ge under tropicl condition (35 C) intke (g/dy) Conversion Rtio (g feed / g egg) Mortlity (%) Control (16% CP) c Tretment (14% CP) c c Mens with different superscripts within column differ N= 480 Commercil (Is rown) lying hen, Temp = C, R. H. = % Addition of 48 or 96 mg/kg of sl diets significntly improved ody weight, FCR, immunoresponse, oxidtive stress profile & other welfre prmeters during hot & hot-humid summer. ut results were more 96 mg/kg level tht too during hot summer. Dietry supplementtion of chromium (2.49 cr./kg diet ) from 20 mg chromium picolinte ws eneficil to reduce the dverse effect on growth performnce, immunity nd oxidtive stress profile cused y higher mient temperture during extreme summer.( Kulkrni, 2012) Shinet l (2002) stted tht het stress increses minerl excretion nd lso decreses concentrtions in serum nd liver. Tle 22: Effect of supplementl zinc nd vitmin A on performnce of roiler chicken rered under het stress Tretments intke Conversion Efficiency Live weight Gin Control 3101 c c Zn (30 mg/kg ) Vit A (1500 IU/kg) Zn + Vit A 3200 c Mens with different superscripts within column differ N= 120, ten dy old mle chick, (4 G), June 25 Aug 28 Journl of Animl Science nd Technology

10 A.K. Srivstv et l / Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken 131 Tle 23: Effect of supplementl zinc nd vitmin A on crcss qulity of roiler chicken rered under het stress Item Control Zn Kucuk et l (2003) concluded tht live weight gin incresed nd feed efficiency improved gretly in chickens fed supplemented diets compred with the chicks fed the control diet.[31] However, comintion of zinc nd vitmine A, rther thn ech seprtely, provided greter performnce (Tle 22). Kucuk et l (2003) lso found effect on crcss qulity nd reported tht comintion of zinc nd vitmine A, rther thn ech seprtely, provided greter performnce[31] (Tle 23). Other nutrients & feed dditives Supplementtion of proiotic lctocillus strins my enrich diversity of micro flor in chicken. Restore microil lnce in jejunum & cec of chicken. Reduce hrmful effects of het stress. Dietry ft Vitmin A Zn+ vitmin A Live weight 1463 c Hot crcss yeild (%) 58.4 c Chilled crcss yeild (%) 63.3 c Hert wt. (%) 0.38 c Liver wt. (%) 1.73 c Adominl ft wt. (%) c Men vlues with different superscripts in row with differ N= 120 ten dy old mle chick 42 dys It is recommended tht the energy content of the diet e incresed during hot wether. The use of supplementl ft is suggested. Dietry ft increses pltility of feeds nd reduces the mount of het increment tht is produced during its utiliztion in the ody. Inclusion of fts in the diet should e considered on hot dys, prticulrly for roiler chickens, in order to mintin dily energy intke in line with the requirements for growth. But On mny tropicl frms, it is common prctice to exclude ft from the diet during summer nd include it during winter. It is though, tht the energy requirement of roilers is less in summer thn in winter. (Slh H. et l., 2012) Recent studies, however, hve shown tht the inclusion of ft in diets for hetstressed roilers helps improve feed intke nd performnce, ecuse of the lower het increment of ft compred to other energy sources such s crohydrtes or proteins. Cre must lso e tken when selecting the ft source to e incorported into the diet. Generlly ft sources hving lrge mounts of polyunsturted ftty cids, such s soyen oil, cnol oil, wlnuts, flxseed oil nd fish oil, should ll e voided or e used t miniml levels in the diet. This is due to the fct tht such sources hve low levels of ntioxidnts nd re especilly susceptile to oxidtive rncidity nd destruction of vitmin A nd E, with resulting chnges in the flvour of poultry mets. Wter Wter requirement increse during hot periods. 6% wter intke increse per degree rise in temperture from tht t 20 0 C temperture. 25% more drinking spce should e provided. Wter elow ody temperture will certinly id in het dissiption. Drug dministrtion During het stress need proper Cre nd Mngement. Medicines should e dministered t the erly morning when temperture is low. Volume 1 Numer 2 / July - Decemer 2013

11 132 A.K. Srivstv et l / Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken Drugs should e dministered with cool, fresh & qulity feed. Disinfection & hygiene All-in & ll-out system of poultry mngement in hot climtes is most preferred. Approprite disinfection progrmme is followed etween the tches. In high temperture there my e rpid evportion of disinfectnt solution resulting in less contct time. Conclusions Het stress reduces the production performnce of chicken leds to immunosupression nd increses the mortlity rte in chicken. All the nutritionl supplements (e.g. vitmins, zinc, Kcl) hve functions in reltion to het stress. Suitle minerl & vitmin premixes cn e developed for het stressed chickens for improved performnce, welfre & reducing feed cost. Het stress increse the serum concentrtion of ACTH which increse corticosteroid level nd in turns reduces the production. Dietry supplementtion of vitmin C (200 mg/kg) improved the egg production nd egg shell qulity in lying hen during summer stress. Ascoric Acid supplementtion (300 mg/kg of diet) improved ody weight gin, feed conversion rtio nd decresed the mortlity in roilers. Dietry supplementtion of ntioxidnt vitmins (vitmin E or vitmin C in comintion) is helpful to mintin the growth performnce, egg production nd improvement in egg qulity. Vitmin E (250 mg/kg diet) incresed serum concentrtion of T 3, T 4 nd decresed concentrtion of ACTH therey production is mintined. Low protein diet (14%) with provision of dditionl 0.44% mintined the production performnce of lying hens. Supplementtion of Dietry Electrolyte Blnce like NCl, NHCO 3, KHCO 3 nd NH 4 Cl (360 m Eq/kg) in het stress cn improve eggshell qulity of lying hens. Supplementtion of 0.1%KCl with 400 mg vitmin C showed etter performnce for roilers rered under het stress. Zinc in comintion with vitmin A improves performnce nd crcss qulity of roiler under het stress. References 1. Bottje WG nd Hrrison PC. Effect of dding methionine in low-protein diet on production performnce, reproductive orgns nd chemicl liver composition of lying hens under tropicl conditions. Int J Poult Sci. 1985; 4: Tye IT. Evlution of productive nd physiologicl performnce of roiler sujected todifferent methods to relieve het stress. Ph.D thesis, Animl Resources Dept. College ofagriculture nd Forestry, University of Mosul; Wldroup PW nd Dirin CP. Protein nd mino cid needs of roilers in wrm wether : A review. Int J Poult Sci. 2002; 1(4): Virden WS nd Kidd MT. Physiologicl stress in roilers: Rminifictions on nutrient digestiility nd responses. J Appl Poult Res. 2009; 18: Shin K nd Kucuk O. Het stress nd dietry vitminsupplementtion of poultry diets. Nutrition Astrcts nd Reviews, Series B. 2003; 73: Smith AJ nd Oliver O. Some nutritionl prolems ssocited with egg production t high environmentl temperture. 1. The effect of environmentl temperture nd rtioning tretments in the productivity of pullets fed on diets of differing energy content. Rhod J Agric Res. 1972; 10: Donkoh A. Amient temperture: fctor ffecting performnce nd physiologicl response of roiler chickens. Int J Biometeorol. 1989; 33: Bonnet S, Gerert PA, Leessire M, Crre B nd Guillumin S. Effect of high mient temperture on feed digestiility in roilers. Poultry Science. 1997; 76: Murry DL, Brke J, Thxton JP nd Stterlee DG. Poult Sci. 1988; 72: Journl of Animl Science nd Technology

12 A.K. Srivstv et l / Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken Teeter RG, Smith MO nd Owens FN. Chronic het stress nd respirtory lklosis occurrence nd tretment in roiler chicks. Poult Sci. 1985; 64: Bely T nd Teeter RG. Effects of mient temperture on roiler minerl lnce prtitioned into urinry nd fecl loss. Br Poult Sci. 1996; 37: Mongin P. Roll of cid se lnce in the physiology of egg formtion. Word s Poult Sci J. 1968; 24: Mujhid A, Aki Y nd Toyomizu M. Progressive chnges in the physiologicl responses of het-stressed roiler chickens. J Poult Sci. 2009; 46: Shin K, Shin N, Onderci M, Yrlioglu S nd Kucuk O. Protective role of supplementl vitmin E on lipid peroxidtion, vitmins E, And some minerl concentrtions of roilers rered under het stress. Vet Med Czech. 2001; 46: Frnchini AM, Cnti M, Mnfre G nd Bertuzzi GS. Vitmin E s djuvnt in emulsified vccine forchicks. Poultry Science. 1991; 70: McDowell LR. Vitmins in niml nutrition Comprtive spects to humn nutrition vitmin A nd E. London: Acdemic Press; 1989, Pnd AK, Amro SV nd Rju MVLN. Effect of vitmin C supplementtion on performnce, immune response nd ntioxidnt sttus of het stressed White Leghorn lyers. Indin J Poult Sci. 2007; 42(2): Dorr P nd Blloun SL. Effect of dietry vitmin A, scoric cid nd their interction on turkey oneminerlistion. British Poultry Science. 1976; 17: Ciftci M, Niht EO nd Guler T. Effects of vitmin E nd C dietry supplementtion on egg production nd egg qulity of lying hens exposed to chronic het stress. Revue Med Vet. 2005; 156(2): Mzir MA, Husseini SA, Lotfollhin H nd Shritmdri F. Effect of proiotics, yest, vitmin E nd C supplements on performnce nd immune response of lying hen during high environmentl temperture. Int J Poult Sci. 2007; 6(12): Onu PN. Growth performnce, crcss chrcteristics nd economic enefits of supplementl scoric cid on roiler strters exposed to het stress. J Agri Biolo Sci. 2009; 4(5): Shin K, Kucuk O, Shin N nd Gursu MF. Optiml dietry concentrtion of vitmin E for lleviting the effect of het stress on performnce, thyroid sttus, ACTH nd some serum metolite nd minerl concentrtions in roilers. Vet Med Czech. 2002; 47(4): Hooge DM. Dietry electrolytes influence metolic processes of poultry. stuff. 1995; 12: Nokht A, Shivzd M, Chmny M nd Sfmeher AR. The effects of dietry electrolyte lnce on performnce of lying hens exposed to het stress environment in lte lying period. Int J Poult Sci. 2006; 5(10): Ahmd T, Khlid T, MushtqT, Mirz MA, Ndeem A, Br ME nd Ahmd G. Effect of potssium chloride supplementtion in drinking wter on roiler performnce under het stress conditions. Poultry Science. 2008; 87: Hssn AM, My Adel Azeem H nd Reddy PG. Effect of some wter supplements on the performnce nd immune system of chroniclly het-stressed roiler chicks. Int J Poult Sci. 2009; 8(5): Roussn DA, Khwldeh GY, Hddd RR nd Shheen IA, Slmeh G nd Rifi RA. Effect of scoric cid, cetylslicylic cid, sodium icronte nd potssium chloride supplementtion in wter on the performnce of roiler chickens exposed to het stress. J Appl Poult Res. 2008; 17: Ihsn TT, Johnny S, Yokhn A nd Vlel JA. Effect of scoric cid nd potssium chloride supplementtion on performnce nd some physiologicl prmeters in roiler chick rered under summer condition. Int J Poult Sci. 2011; 10(3): Rvikirn D nd Devgowd G. Effects of DL-methionine supplementtion in the rtion of commercil lyers during summer. Int J Poult Sci. 1998; 33(3): Volume 1 Numer 2 / July - Decemer 2013

13 134 A.K. Srivstv et l / Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken 30. Buchsk C nd Silpsorn T. Effects of dding methionine in low-protein diet on production performnce, reproductive orgns nd chemicl liver composition of lying hens under tropicl conditions. Int J Poult Sci. 2005; 4(5): Kucuk O, Shin N nd Shin K. Supplementl zinc nd vitmin A cn llevite negtive effects of het stress in roiler chickens. Biologicl Trce Element Reserch. 2003; 94: Title Suject Index Economics of Gur Korm Bsed Umm Formultion Using Locl Ingredients in Semi-Arid Rjsthn 35 Economics of TMR Formultion (Complete Block) for Thrprkr Cttle 37 Effect of Dietry ft on Reproduction in Cttle 91 Effect of ing nd Housing Systems on T3,T4 nd Cortisol Concentrtion of Knkrej Cows During Different Sesons 19 Effect of Heriotic FS on Performnce of Broiler Chicks in Hot Arid Zone of Rjsthn 9 Effect of Proiotics Supplementtion on Nutrient Intke nd Conversion Efficiency in Lctting Knkrej Cows 13 Effect of Sesons on Nutrients Intke nd Milkility of Lctting Knkrej Cows 27 Effects of Proiotics Supplementtion on Production Performnce nd Economics of ing of Lctting Knkrej Cows 31 In Vitro Gs Production Technique for Evlution of Resources 103 Influence of Supplementtion of Bypss Ft on Nutrients Intke nd Milk Yield nd its Composition in Crossred Lctting Cows 69 Mcro nd Micro-Minerl Sttus of s nd Fodders in Srdrkhrushingr Dntiwd Agriculturl University Adopted Villges of Dtiwd Tluk 5 Milkility of Lctting Knkrej Cows in Different Months 65 Nutrient Digestiility nd Growth Performnce of Mehsn Bufflo Clves Fed Proiotics 61 Nutrition of Cnine nd Feline Geritrics 39 Nutritionl Strtegies to Comt the Effect of Het Stress in Chicken 123 Poultry Welfre Issues: An Overview 79 Production Performnce, Nutrient Utiliztion nd Economics of Lctting Knkrej Cow Pge No. Fed Proiotics 23 Technologies nd Prctices for Improving Livestock ing in Indi 47 Journl of Animl Science nd Technology