Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Probiotic or Essential Oils on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 2 (9): , 203 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 203 Effect of Dietry Supplementtion with Proiotic or Essentil Oils on Growth Performnce of Broiler Chickens R. Chlghoumi, A. Belgcem, I. Trelsi, Y. Boutour nd R. Bergoui Deprtment of Sciences of Animl Production, School of Higher Eduction in Agriculturl-Mteur, Route de Trk-7030 Mteur, Tunisi 2 Lortory of Microorgnisms nd Biomolecules, Center of Biotechnology of Sfx, B.P K-3038 Sfx, Tunisi 3 ALFA Nutrition Animle, Rod of Mhdi km El Amr, Sfx, Tunisi 4 Lortory of Reserch in Rurl Economy, Ntionl Institute of Agronomy, 43 v. Chrles Nicole, 082 Cité Mhrjéne-Tunis, Tunisi Astrct: This experiment ws conducted to investigte the effect of the dietry supplementtion of proiotic (Lctocillus plntrum strin TN8) or commercil lend of essentil oils (clove nd cinnmon essentil oils) on growth performnce of roiler chicken. The dietry tretments were: sl diet s control 0 (C); sl diet plus proiotic (0,2% of Lctocillus plntrum strin TN8 t 2 0 cfu/g; P); sl diet plus essentil oils lend (300 mg/kg; EOB). A totl of 900 one-dy old mle roiler chicks were rndomly llocted to 3 experimentl groups of 6 replictes of 50 chicks ech. The chicks were grown to 35 d of ge. Body weight, feed intke nd feed conversion were weekly determined. The mortlity ws recorded dily. Concerning weight gin, in the periods of 8-4, 5-2 nd dys of ge, the group fed the essentil oils lend presented significntly (p<0.05) higher vlues s compred with the other tretments. No sttisticl difference ws detected in feed intke mong tretments in ny of the evluted ge intervls. Feed conversion rtio differences were detected only in the second period of 8-4 dys of ge, with the group fed the essentil oils lend presenting sttisticlly (p<0.05) lesser FCR s compred with tht fed the proiotic product, which were not different from the control group. Mortlity ws different (p<0.05) only in the periods of 0-7 nd 8-4 dys of ge, which ws higher in the control group s compred with tht of the irds fed the proiotic product nd those fed the essentil oils lend. At the end of the rering period (35 dys of ge), the results showed tht the dietry supplementtion with proiotic or essentil oils led to significnt improvement (p<0.05) in ody weight gin nd numericl, ut non significnt (p>0.05) improvement in feed conversion in reltion to the control group. Bsed on these results it cn e concluded tht proiotic strin nd essentil oils dietry supplementtion hve growth promoting effect on roilers. Key words: Proiotic, essentil oils, roiler, growth performnce INTRODUCTION It is well known tht ntiiotics dded to niml feeds s growth promoters llow intensive poultry production nd improved feed conversion. However, this usge of ntiiotic is possily the most importnt fctor tht promotes the emergence nd dissemintion of ntiiotic resistnt microorgnisms in oth veterinry nd humn medicine. Therefore it is foridden in EU countries since Jnury 2006 nd in Tunisi since 200. Becuse of tht it ws necessry to find other lterntives. There is huge vriety of products for replcing ntiiotic growth promoters nd proiotics nd plnt extrcts, prticulrly essentil oils, re mong the cndidtes for their replcement. Proiotics eneficilly ffect the host niml y improving its intestinl lnce (Fuller, 989). They crete gut conditions tht suppress hrmful microorgnisms nd fvor eneficil ones (Line et l., 998; Med, 2000). They hve een shown to mintin helth y reducing risk diseses, possily through reduction in prolifertion of pthogenic species, mintining microiot lnce in the gut (Line et l., 998; Mcfrlne nd Cummings, 999; Mountzouris et l., 2007), oosting immune function (Zulkifli et l., 2000; Kir et l., 2004) nd incresing resistnce to infection (Herich et l., 998; Aysigi et l., 2005; Rekiel et l., 2007). They hve een lso shown to improve the growth performnce of poultry (Jin, 997; Li et l., 2008). Essentil oils re plnt extrcts derived from hers or spices, which hve eneficil effect on niml production nd helth. A lrge vriety o f the essentil oils hve properties which could potentilly improve feed intke, digestion, feed conversion nd ody weight Corresponding Author: R. Chlghoumi, Deprtment of Sciences of Animl Production, School of Higher Eduction in Agriculturl-Mteur, Route de Trk-7030 Mteur, Tunisi 538

2 gin (Lovkov et l., 200; Willims nd Los, 200; Erts et l., 2005). The mode of ction of these feed dditives is not completely cler. They hve ntimicroil, ntivirl, ntioxidnt nd mny other iologicl ctivities (Erts et l., 2005; Cross et l., 2007). They ct s n ppetite nd digestiility enhncers through stimultion of the endogenous digestive enzymes secretion (Willims nd Los (200), Lee et l., 2003). These trits mde essentil oils promising replcement of ntiiotic growth promoters. The ojective of the current study ws to exmine the effects of dietry supplementtion with proiotics or essentil oils in roiler diets compred to stndrd roiler feed on the growth performnce of roiler chicks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animls nd diets: Nine hundred dy of htch mle roiler chicks (Aror cres) were otined from locl htchery. All chicks were spry vccinted for New Cstle nd Gumoro t the htchery nd no other vccintions were dministered. Chicks were rised in floor pens with wood shving litter. Six replictes of 30 chicks were considered for ech tretment. The roilers were fed typicl corn-soyen mel sl diet in mesh form (Tle ). The sl diet ws formulted to meet or exceed NRC (994) requirements for strter ( to 4 d) nd grower (5 to 35 d). Chicks were rndomly ssigned to one of three dietry tretments. The dietry groups were: () sl diet without ny dditive (negtive control, C), (2) sl diet supplemented with 2 g/kg of proiotic (Lctocillus plntrum strin TN8, P) nd (3) sl diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg of n essentil oils lend (clove nd cinnmon essentil oils, EOB). The diets were isocloric nd isonitrogenous. Feed nd wter supply were d liitum. The proiotic preprtion (Lctocillus plntrum 0 strin TN8, 2 0 cfu/g) ws supplied y the Center of Biotechnology of Sfx - Tunisi nd it ws isolted from the crop of helthy dult chicken. The essentil oils lend compromise clove nd cinnmon essentil oils nd ws purchsed from Photosynthese (Frnce). Broilers were oserved dily nd ny mortlity ws removed nd ody weight recorded. Broilers were weighed t 7, 4, 2, 28 nd 35 d nd ody weight gin, feed consumption nd feed conversion were weekly clculted. Body weights from mortlity were used to djust feed consumption. Sttisticl nlysis: The dt were nlyzed s completely rndomized design, using the Generl Liner Model (GLM) procedure of SAS (200) nd Duncn s Multiple Rnge test ws used to detect (p<0.05) differences mong tretment mens. Tle : Ingredient composition nd nutritionl composition of sl diets Ingredients nd to 4d 5 to 35d composition (%) strter (%) grower (%) Corn Soyen mel, Vegetle oil/soyen oil 3 3 Limestone Slt Diclcium phosphte Methionine Vitmin-minerl premix 4 4 Totl Clculted nlysis Metolizle energy (kcl/kg) Crude protein (%) Lysin (%) Methionine (%) Methionine+cystine (%) Clcium (%) Aville phosphorus (%) Vitmin-minerl premix (Alf Nutrition Animl, Sfx, Tunisi), provides (per kg of diet): vitmin A (retinyl cette), 2 88 IU; choleclciferol, 2438 IU; vitmin E (DL-"-tocopheryl cette), 8.3 IU; pntothenic cid, 42.6 mg; vitmin B,.2 mg; vitmin B2, 7.3 mg; vitmin B3, 9.7 mg; vitmin B6,.2 mg; vitmin B2, mg; vitmin K2,.2 mg; folic cid, 0.62 mg; choline chloride, mg; clcium, 8784 mg; phosphorus, 3660 mg; sodium, 366 mg; mgnesium 36.6 mg; iodine, 0.59 mg; colt, 0.59 mg; copper, 2.42 mg; iron, mg; mngnese, mg; zinc, mg; selenium, 0. mg; methionine, 647 mg. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effects of dietry tretment on verged dily weight gin, feed intke, FCR nd mortlity re shown in Tle 2. Averge dily weight gin: In the period of 0-7 of ge, no sttisticl differences etween tretments were oserved (p<0.05) for the dily weight gin. This prmeter, in the susequent three periods (7-4; 5-2 nd dys of ge), ws higher in the group fed the EOB s compred with irds fed the proiotic product nd the control group (p<0.05), which were not different. In the period of dys of ge, the verge dily weight gin of the two experimentl groups were similr (p<0.05) nd were not significntly different from the control group. The improvement of ody weight gin with the EOB tretment oserved in this tril my e due to the ctive mterils (cinnmldehyde nd eugenol) found in cinnmon, which re considered s digestion stimulting fctors, in ddition to their ntimicroil ctivity ginst pthogenic cteri found in the intestine (Cuk et l., 2003), thus resulting in greter efficiency in the utiliztion of feed nd susequently in enhnced growth. On the other hnd there is lrge numer of studies which hve not shown positive effect of using dietry EO supplementtion on ody weight gin (Vogt, 990, 99; Botsoglou et l., 2002; 539

3 Tle 2: Effect of the experimentl tretments on the growth performnce of roilers t different periods of ge Tretments Item Control Proiotic Essentil oil lend p-vlue SEM 0-7 dys DWG (g/ird/d) FI (g/ird/d) FCR (g/ird/d) Mortlity (%) dys DWG (g/ird/d) FI (g/ird/d) FCR (g/ird/d) Mortlity (%) dys DWG (g/ird/d) FI (g/ird/d) FCR (g/ird/d) Mortlity (%) dys DWG (g/ird/d) FI (g/ird/d) FCR (g/ird/d) Mortlity (%) dys DWG (g/ird/d) FI (g/ird/d) FCR (g/ird/d) Mortlity (%) Dt re mens nd SEM (Stndrd Error Men) of 6 replictes of 50 roilers per pen. Mens within row with no common superscript differ significntly (p<0.05). Grci et l., 2007). Brreto et l. (2008) found tht the essentil oils of cinnmon nd clove, individully dded to roiler feed t 200 mg/kg, filed to influence roiler performnce. The uthors explined such n sence in significnt tretment effects y lck of microiologicl chllenges or inctivity of the dded sustnces or perhps due to the dose of the tested ctive principles. Isel nd Sntos (2009) lso filed to oserve ny effect on the ody weight or verge dily gin, for the whole experimentl period (46 dys), when lend of clove nd cinnmon essentil oils (00 mg/kg) ws dded to the feed. Mukhtr (20) crried out study of 35 dys to determine the effect of the dietry ddition of different levels (200, 400 nd 600 mg/kg) of clove oil on roiler performnces. At the ge of 35 dys, the uthor did not note ny significnt difference for ody weight gin in the experimentl roilers when compred with those fed on negtive control diet. When poultry ge is tken into ccount, the different responses in the current tril regrding the weight gin prmeter my suggest tht dietry EO supplementtion is more efficient during the mid-strting nd growing phses. These findings gree with the work of Al-Kssie (2009), who oserved, when using n inclusion level of 00 mg/kg of EO derived from thyme or cinnmon, tht during the period of -2 dys of ge, EO supplemented roilers hd significntly higher ody weight gin when compred with those of the negtive control group, ut the sme did not occurred during the second period of mesuring (22-42 ge). Without regrds to the EO dose used in the present experiment nd tht employed y Al-Kssie (2009), results of the two studies seem to indicte tht the efficcy or inefficcy of EO my e relted to the irds ge. It is well known tht the younger irds re more susceptile to stress fctors thn the older irds. The presence of helth chllenges nd stress in the rering environment determine the efficcy of the EO. So this could explin why young irds responded more efficiently to the dietry EO supplementtion thn the older ones. The lck of positive effect of proiotic tretment on roiler weight gin oserved in this tril is in greement with other studies (Wtkins nd Krtzer, 984; Miolino et l., 992; Bitterncourt et l., 20). On the contrry, there re mny studies which hve reported positive effects of using different strins of proiotics on this prmeter (Jin et l., 998; Zulkifli et l., 2000; Kir et l., 2004; Li et l., 2008; Peric et l., 200). These contrdicting results indicte tht the efficcy of proiotic ppliction depends on mny fctors including species composition of proiotics, dministrtion levels, ppliction methods, overll diet composition, ird ge nd environmentl fctors s it hs een suggested y Jin (997), Jin et l. (998) nd Ptterson nd Brukholder (2003). 540

4 Feed intke: For the vrile feed intke, no sttisticl recorded the lesser vlues of FCR. These results re differences mong tretments were oserved during consistent with those of other studies: Hernndez et l. the ll periods of ge, ut chicks fed on diet (2004), Isel nd Sntos (2009) nd Sng-Oh et l. supplemented with EOB showed numericlly more in (203) reported, respectively tht he feed efficiency of feed intke. These results re in line with those of Isel roilers fed diet supplemented with cinnmon, lend nd Sntos (2009), Mukhtr (20) nd Aguilr et l. of clove nd cinnmon or cinnmon powder ws similr (203) who did not found significnt differences in feed to tht of roilers fed n unsupplemented diet. Brreto consumption when evluting EO s nturl growth et l. (2008) found lso tht the essentil oils of promoters in roilers feeding. In this study, the lck of cinnmon nd clove individully dded to roiler feed t significnt difference in reltion to the control diet could 200 mg/kg, filed to influence FCR. However, other e explined y the fct tht the poultry my not cutely experiments in which different EO were dded to roilers respond to flvor s previously suggested y Morn diets hve showed the effect of EO on the FCR of (982), lthough there is n evidence to suggest tht roilers (Tedesco, 200; Kluth et l., 2002; Alcicek et l., hers, spices nd vrious plnt extrcts hve ppetite 2003; Osmn et l., 2005). In theses studies the nd digestion stimulting properties (Kmel, 200). In FCR-improving effect ws ttriuted to more efficient this sense, Lee et l. (2004) hve found tht dding use of nutrients s suggested y Devriese et l. (993) the cinnmon to the diet of roilers incresed their when they tried to explin the eneficil effect of growth feed consumption. Sme result ws lso reported y promoter sustnces. Al-Kssie (2009) when they ssessed different inclusion During ll periods of mesures, the proiotic tretment levels of essentil oil in the diet. The uthors found showed no positive effect on feed conversion rtio tht extrct oil derived from thyme nd cinnmon in compred to the control group (p>0.05). This result is roiler diets improved significntly the feed intke. They consistent with tht of Peri et l. (200), Roch et l. ttriuted this effect to ctive principles (thymol, (200) nd Bitterncourt et l. (20) who did not detect crvcrol, cinnmldehyde nd eugenol) present in sttisticl difference in feed conversion rtio mong these plnts which re considered s digestion roilers group fed proiotic nd control group in stimulting fctors (Cuk et l., 2003). tretments in none of the studied intervls of ge. Other The similr conclusion cn e drwn for the ddition of uthors, however, otined etter feed conversion rtio proiotic in roiler feed. The lck of influence of proiotic in roilers fed proiotics in the periods of 0-2 dys tretment on feed intke ws lso oserved y Miork (Corrê et l., 2003; Miork et l., 200; Pelicno et l., et l. (200), when testing proiotic (Bcillus sutilis) 2004; Zulkifli et l., 2000) nd 0-40 dys (Bortto et l., product, s well s y Pelicno et l. (2004), who 2004; Miork et l., 200). evluted proiotics (Bcillus sutilis or lend of Lctocillus cidophilus, Lctocillus csei, Mortlity: Mortlity differences were oserved only in the Streptococcus lctis, Streptococcus fecium, periods of 0-7, 8-4 dys of ge, with higher vlues in Bifidocterium ifidum nd Aspergillus oryze) nd did the control group s compred with the proiotic nd not oserve ny difference in feed intke with the the EOB groups (p<0.05). In ddition, in the sme dietry incorportion of these products. However, other periods, the group fed the proiotic ws not different experiments hve showed the effect of proiotics on the in reltion to the group fed the EOB. Considering the feed intke of roilers. Corre (2003) tested different other experimentl periods, no influence of tested feed proiotics in roiler diets (Bcillus sutllis, Bcillus toyoi, dditives on mortlity ws detected. Lctocillus cidophilus, Lctocillus csei, On the use of proiotics in roilers diet, this results Streptococcus slivrium, Streptococcus fecium nd oserved in this tril were similr to those found y Scchromyces cerevisie) nd oserved lower feed Bitterncourt (20) who found tht mortlity ws different intke in the group fed one of the proiotics reltive to only in the period of 0-4 dys of ge nd which ws the control group in the period of 0-2 dys of ge, which higher in the control group s compred with tht of the ws lso oserved y Zulkifli et l. (2000). Bortto irds fed the proiotic product, contrrily to the findings (2004), however, in the sme period, found higher feed of Pelicno et l. (2004), who, in study on the use of intke in roilers fed proiotics, in reltion to the control proiotics in roilers, oserved t ll experimentl group. periods lesser mortlity when these dditives were dded to the diet. Concerning the effect of the dietry Feed conversion rtio: For FCR, sttisticl difference supplementtion of essentil oils in roilers on ws detected only in the second experimentl period mortlity, responses oserved in this experiment were (7-4 dys of ge), with the group fed the EOB in line with those of Mukhtr (20). Authors found presenting etter FCR s compred with tht fed the tht chicks fed on diets contin clove oil recorded proiotic or the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, in the numericlly the lowest rte of mortlity compred to others evluted ge intervls, irds in EOB group control group. 54

5 Tle 3: Effect of the experimentl tretments on the growth performnce of roilers during the totl rering period (-35 dys of ge) Item Control Proiotic Essentil oils lend p-vlue SEM Initil weight (g/ird) ,288 Finl weight (g/ird) c ,680 Feed intke (g/ird) ,469 Weight gin (g/ird) c ,398 Feed conversion rtio ,040 Mortlity (%) ,964 Dt re mens nd SEM (Stndrd Error of Men) of 6 replictes of 50 roilers per pen. c Mens within row with no common superscript differ significntly (p<0.05). Considering the performnces of roilers during the entire rering period (-35 dys of ge), otined re shown in Tle 3 shows the performnce results of roilers during the entire rering period (-35 dys of ge). There were significnt differences in finl ody weight, weight gin nd feed intke etween dietry tretments (p<0.05). The irds fed on diet supplemented with the EOB presented higher finl weight, weight gin nd feed intke s compred with the other roilers (control nd proiotic groups). The irds receiving the diet contining the proiotic hd higher finl weight nd weight gin thn those of the control group (p<0.05), ut difference in feed intke ws not significnt etween the two groups. No sttisticl difference ws detected in feed conversion rtio mong the three dietry tretments during the whole experimentl period. However irds fed on diet without dditives (proiotic/eob) recorded numericlly the worse FCR. For mortlity, roilers fed on diet contining proiotic or EOB hd similr mortlity rte, which ws significntly lower thn tht of the control roilers. These results gree prtilly with the work of Al-Kssie (2009), who found tht the supplementtion of 200 mg/kg oil extrct derived cinnmon in roiler diets significntly improved the overll growth performnce trits (weight gin, feed intke nd FCR) s compred to control roiler during growing period of 6 weeks. Indeed, in the present experiment which ws crried out for 5 weeks only, difference in the overll FCR ws not significnt. Nevertheless irds fed on diet contining EOB recorded numericlly the lowest FCR. The significnt improvement of ody weight gin nd feed intke nd the slight meliortion of FCR my e due to the ctive mterils (Cinnmldehyde nd eugenol) found in cinnmon, cusing greter efficiency in the utiliztion of feed, resulting in enhnced growth. There is n evidence to suggest tht hers, spices nd vrious plnt extrcts hve ppetite nd digestion stimulting properties (Kmel, 200). These results gree with the work of Lee et l. (2004). Bsed on these results it cn e concluded tht proiotic strin (Lctocillus plntrum strin TN8) nd clove nd cinnmon essentil oils under investigtion cn enhnce growth performnce when these dditives re dded to the nimls feed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study ws supported y ALFA-Nutrition Animle, Sfx, Tunisi, which hs lso provided the feed nd purchsed the essentil oils lend from Phytosynthesis, Frnce. The uthors wish to cknowledge the Center of Biotechnology of Sfx for providing the proiotic strin. REFERENCES Aguilr, C.A.L., K.R. De Souz Lim, M.C. Mnno, F.B. Tvres, V.P. De Souz nd D.L. Fernndes Neto, 203. Effect of copi essentil oil on roiler chickens performnce. Act Scientirum. Anim. Sci., 35: Alcicek, A., M. Bozkurt nd M. C uk, The effect of n essentil oil comintion derived from selected hers growing wild in Turkey on roiler performnce. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 33: Al-Kssie, G.A.M., Influence of two plnt extrcts derived from thyme nd cinnmon on roiler performnce. Pk. Vet. J., 29: Ayisigi, K., C. Atsoglu, I.Y. Yurtmn, M. Mendes nd A. Pl, Effect of proiotic supplementtion shortly efore nd fter wening on growth of Turkish Snen kids. Arch. Tierz 48, Brreto, M. S. R., J. F. M. Menten, A. M. C. Rcnicci, P. W. Z. Pereir nd P.V. Rizzo, Plnt extrcts used s growth promoters in roilers. Brs. J. Poult. Sci., 0: Bitterncourt, L.C., C.C. D Silv, P.D. Silv Rngel Grci, D.C. Znrdo Donto, R. De Aluquerque nd L. F. Arujo, 20. Influence of proiotic on roiler performnce. R. Brs. Zootec., 40: Bortto, A.J, Uso de ntiiotico, de proiotico e de homeopti, inoculdos ou no com Escherichi coli, pr frngos de corte cridos em conforto. R. Brs. Zootec., 33: Botsoglou, N. A., P. Florou-Pner, E. Christki, D.J. Fletouris nd A.B. Spis, Effect of dietry oregno essentil oil on performnce of chickens nd on iron-induced lipid oxidtion of rest, thigh nd dominl ft tissues. Br. Poult. Sci., 43: Cuk, M., A. Alcicek, Bozkurt nd N. Imre, Antimicroil properties of essentil oils isolted from romtic plnts nd using possiility s lterntive feed dditives.. Ntionl Animl Nutrition Congress, pp:

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