Effect of Adding Biomin as a Natural Growth Promoter on Productive Performance, Some Haematological and Immunological Traits of Broiler Chicks

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 14 (10): , 2015 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2015 Effect of Adding Biomin s Nturl Growth Promoter on Productive Performnce, Some Hemtologicl nd Immunologicl Trits of Broiler Chicks A.M. EL-Kity, F.R. Mohmed, A.A.A. Adel-Kreem, E.M. Aou Eit nd A.A.M. Eshr Deprtment of Animl nd Poultry Production, Fculty of Agriculture, Ciro University, Giz, Egypt 2 Deprtment of Poultry Production, Fculty of Agriculture, Sohg University, Egypt 3 Animl Production Reserch Institute (APRI), Ministry of Agriculture, Giz, Egypt 1 Astrct: The ojective of the present study ws to investigte the effect of dding Biomin s nturl growth promoter in drinking wter on the productive performnce, some hemtologicl nd immunologicl prmeters in roiler chicks. A totl of 180 unsexed, one dy old, roiler chicks (Hurd) were weighed, wing nded nd rndomly clssified to three equl groups. All chicks in the 1st group were wtered fresh tp wter during the experiment, while those in the 2nd nd 3rd groups were orlly received fresh tp wter including 20 nd 30 mg Biomin/chick during the first three dys of ge. All chicks were fed on commercil sl diets d liitum nd dily exposed to 24 lighting hours llover experimentl period. All irds were rered on prtitioned deep litter floor. The otined results could e concluded s follow: The orl dministrtion of Biomin to roiler chicks incresed (p<0.05) ody weight nd ody weight gin from 2 to 6 weeks of ge in the treted groups thn those of the control. The treted roilers chicks with Biomin t 20 nd 30 mg/chick consumed less feed intke nd hd etter feed conversion rtio ll over experimentl period thn those of the control. Hemogloin, hemtocrit (%), gloulin, totl lipids, glucose nd ALT for chicks orlly received iomin t 20 nd 30 mg/ird insignificntly ffected s compred to control. Totl cholesterol level in the treted group decresed significntly (p<0.05) t 2 nd 4 weeks of ge s compred with those of control. Cretinine nd AST levels for treted chicks were significntly ffected y the Biomin dministrtion t 4 nd 6 weeks of ge. Humorl immune response for treted chicks ginst sheep red lood cell (SRBC, s) insignificntly incresed s compred with control chicks. Similrly, the immune response (Antiody titer) for Newcstle disese (ND) ws insignificntly ffected with Biomin tretment. Key words: Biomin, productive performnce, immune responses, lood prmeters nd roiler chicks INTRODUCTION Since the 1940 s, ntiiotics hve een used s growth promoters in the poultry feed nd wter to prevent gut infections nd inhiit cteri ctivities (Plil, 2006). In the lte 1990 s in Europe, mny reserchers cler tht there ws gret scientific pressure to remove the ntiiotic growth promoters in poultry frm (Europen Commission, 2003). Therefore, their use ntiiotic in feed nd wter hs een nned y the Europen Union since 2006, due to the deleterious effects on roiler performnce (Cstnon, 2007). Nowdys, mny studies (Akinleye et l., 2008; Peric et l., 2009) recommended the use of nturl growth promoters s proiotics, preiotics nd enzymes to prevent gut diseses, enhnce productive performnces s well s to decrese the costs of mediction during the production period. Proiotics re live microil food supplement, which positively influence treted nimls nd irds through promoting its intestinl microil lnce nd excluding the coloniztion of pthogens (Montes nd Pugh, 1993; Chichlowski et l., 2007; Roofchee et l., 2011), to produce ntimicroil sustnces, which stimulte immune response for irds under different stresses s vccintion nd feed chnges (Perdigon et l., 1995). On the other hnd, preiotic is food ingredient tht is not digested in the upper gut, which stimultes the growth nd ctivity in poultry, while syniotics, re the comintion of proiotics nd preiotics (Rozeh Fllh et l., 2014). The supplementtion of syniotics in roiler chicks regultes the orgnic cids concentrtion nd reduces cholesterol levels in rts (Liong nd Shh 2006) s well s cuses etter sorption of glucose in the roiler chicks (Awd et l., 2008). Similrly, numerous studies hve demonstrted tht providing newly htched chicks with some sustnces contining stilized proiotic strin of Enterococcus fecium, the preiotic fructo-oligoscchrides which out compete pthogens nd the immune-stimulting sustnces like cell wll frgments (Mustf, 2009; Akinleye et l., 2008; Mohmmd Amin nd Quih, 2011; Smli et l., 2007). Corresponding Author: A.M. EL-Kity, Deprtment of Poultry Production, Fculty of Agriculture, Ciro University, Giz, Egypt 554

2 Also, Mohnl (2006) found tht roilers weight gin nd feed conversion during 40 dys improved y pplying multi strin proiotic in drinking wter t 3 periods in the production cycle of roilers (1-3; nd dys of ge). Similrly, Rodrigues et l. (2005) showed tht dministrtion of preiotics hd improved weight gin, feed intke nd feed convention rte of roilers. To reduce the hzrdous effects cused y ntiiotics, compny produced Biomin in the Europe in 1999 s nturl growth promoter, which cn e dministered in the feed nd wter (Akinleye et l., 2008; Erfni Mjd et l., 2014). The ojective of this study ws to evlute the effect of dding Biomin s nturl growth promoter on the productive trits, some hemtologicl nd immunologicl prmeters of roiler chicks. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study ws conducted t the Poultry Nutrition Reserch unit, Deprtment of Animl nd Poultry Production, Fculty of Agriculture, Ciro University, Giz, Egypt. Experimentl irds nd design: One hundred nd eighty, one-dy old, unsexed Hurd chicks were weighed nd rndomly divided into three equl groups nd 4 replictes on prtitioned deep litter floor under cyclic tempertures (min, 24 C; mx, 34 C nd 60 to 80% RH). In the 1st group (control), chicks were wtered fresh tp wter during the experiment, while those in the 2nd nd 3rd groups were orlly received fresh tp wter including 20 nd 30 mg Biomin/chick during the first three dys of ge. All chicks were dily fed on commercil sl diets d liitum under norml nd hygienic conditions nd exposed dily to 24 continuous lighting hours during the first three dys of ge. Experimentl diet: The sl diets (msh form) were formulted to exceed requirements y the NRC (1994) for roiler chickens s presented in Tle 1. The strter, grower nd finisher diets were provided from d 1 to 21; 22 to 35 nd dy, respectively. Chicks were fed nd wtered fresh tp wter d liitum llover the experimentl period. Studied trits Productive performnce: All chicks were weighed individully (48 g initil weight) fter their rrivl from the htchery to the experimentl frm nd then weekly weighed up to 7 weeks of ge. Weekly weight gin for ech group ws clculted. Feed intke ws weekly recorded for ech group nd susequently the feed conversion rtio ws clculted. Hemtologicl study: At different weeks of ge ll over experimentl period, 10 smples from ech group, Tle 1: Ingredient composition nd clculted chemicl nlysis of the sl diets Strter Grower Finisher (0-21) (22-35) (36-42) Ingredients dy dy dy Corn yellow Soyen mel 48% Corn gluten mel 60% Corn oil Ground limestone Diclcium phosphte Slt (NCl) Vitmin-Trce minerl mixture Dl-Methionine L-Lysine Coccidiostt Chemicl nlysis (%) Crude protein ME Kcl/kg diet Clorie/protein rtio Clcium Phosphorus ville Lysine Methionine Methionine+Cystine Tryptophn Threonine Supplied per Kg of diet: Vit. A, IU; Vit. D3, IU; Vit. E, 10 mg; Vit. K3, 2 mg; Vit. B1, 1 mg; Vit. B2, 4 mg; Vit. B6, 1.5 mg; Vit. B12, 10 mg; Nicotinic cid, 20 mg; Folic cid, 1 mg; Pntothenic cid, 10 mg; Biotin, 50mcg;Choline chloride, 500 mg; Copper, 10 mg; Iron, 30 mg; Mngnese, 55 mg; Zinc, 50 mg; Iodine, 1 mg; Selenium, 0.1 mg; Colt, 0.1 mg out 2 ml/ird were collected from their jugulr veins. Hemogloin (H) concentrtion (g/dl) nd pcked cell volume (PCV %) re determined immeditely efore serum seprtion y lood centrifugtion 3000 x g for 15 min ccording to the procedure of Mff (1984). Blood iochemicl prmeters: At different ges, lood smples were tken from wing vein of 10 chicks per group using sterile syringe. Then lood smples were centrifuged t 1500 rpm for 20 min nd serum ws seprted. Totl protein (g/dl), lumin (g/dl), gloulin (g/dl), totl cholesterol (mg/dl) nd glucose (mg/dl) were determined using commercil kits nd uto nlyzer. Liver enzymes nd hormones: AST nd ALT were mesured y spectrophotometer using commercil ville kits. Humorl immune responses Newcstle disese virus chllenge protocol: The chickens were chllenged ginst Newcstle disese virus in drinking wter t 23 dys of ge s descried y Att (1990). Blood smples, out 2 ml from ech chick were collected y crdic puncture t different ges. Ech lood smple ws plced in the dried test tues for 30 min t room temperture in horizontl position to llow the lood to clot nd then plced verticlly in the refrigertor overnight to otin cler serum. 555

3 Antiody titer: Both Newcstle disese virus; Hem gglutinin (HA) nd Hem gglutintion Inhiition titer (HI) were mesured ccording Att (1990). The HI titer ws determined on ll chicks, while the geometric men (GM) for ech group ws clculted ccording to Steel nd Torrie (1960) s follows: GM = (X1. X2. X3 nd Xn) I/n where, X = volume of the oservtion nd N = numer of oservtion. Aginst sheep red lood cells (SRBC's): The selected irds, 10 chicks per tretment (t different ge) were injected intrvenously with 0.1 ml pcked SRBC mixed with 0.9 ml physiologicl sline (0.9% N Cl) to mesure the Humorl immune response. The SRBC were otined in heprin solution from unrelted Texel sheep nd wsh three times in physiologicl sline. From ech ird 2 ml of lood were collected to determine nti-ody titers y gglutintion ccording to Alexnder et l. (1983). Therefore, 7 dys fter ntigen chllenge, lood smples were collected nd the ser were frozen for lter use in mesuring the immunity (Alexnder et l., 1983). As production ws mesured using micro titer technique (El-Kity, 1993). Immune orgns weights: At 42 dys of ge, reltive weights of immune orgns (spleen, thymus nd urs of Fricius) s immune indexes were determined. Sttisticl nlysis: Dt were sttisticlly nlyzed using Sttisticl Anlysis System (SAS) softwre pckge (2004) nd the significnce of differences etween mens ws tested y Duncn s multiple rnge test (1955). The proility vlues of (p<0.05) were considered significnt. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Body weight (BW/g) nd ody weight gin (BWG/g): Dt in Tle 2, showed tht the verges of ody weight nd ody weight gin were significntly (p<0.05) incresed for roiler chicks dministered with 20 nd 30 mg Biomin/chicks t 2, 3, 4, 5 nd 6 weeks of ge thn those of the control group. This improvement could e ttriuted to improving the sorption nd utiliztion of nutrients through modifying the intestinl flor, especilly trgeting Grm-positive cteri, which re ssocited with poorer helth nd performnce of poultry. These results re greement with those of Flki et l. (2011), Nseri et l. (2012) nd Houshmnd et l. (2012), showed tht growth performnce of roiler chickens fed proiotics improved thn those of the control. Similrly, the results of Mohnl et l. (2007) found tht the syniotic product (Biomin Poultry Str) hd comprle potentil to improve roiler performnce s Avilmycin (n ntiiotic growth promoter). Also, the findings of Slim (2004), showed tht ody weight nd ody weight gin of roilers fed diets contining feed dditives improved significntly (p<0.05) s compred with control group. Also, our results on ody weight were in complete greement with tht reported y Aziz Mousvi et l. (2015) found tht ody weight gin of roilers fed diets contining the syniotic ws significntly higher (p<0.05) thn in irds fed control diet, especilly t 0-2 week of ge. Feed intke nd feed conversion rtio: As shown in Tle 3, the findings showed tht ddition of the iologicl dditives (Biomin) for roiler chicks in drinking wter during first three dys led to decrese weekly feed intke nd improved feed utiliztion. Referring to feed conversion, these findings showed tht feed conversion rte ws lower for roilers chicks dministrted with iomin thn tht of control irds ll over experimentl period. The superiority in feed utiliztion nd conversion in roilers received Biomin could e ttriuted to the effects on ppetite (Nhshon et l., 1994), digestive enzymes secretion (Pluske et l., 1996), improve intestinl microil lnce (Fuller, 1989), inhiit the growth of either pthogenic orgnisms or slmonell nd E. coli s well s improve nutrients vilility nd sorption (Awd nd Zouelfeker, 2001). These results re in greement with Ghhri et l. (2013), who found tht feed conversion rte ws lower for roilers chicks supplemented with syniotic, preiotic, proiotic nd phosphomysin thn tht of control irds (p<0.01). Hemtologicl prmeters: Form dt presented in Tle 4, no significnt effect of Biomin on hemogloin g/dl (H) nd Hemtocrit % (Ht %) for chickens t different ges. These results re in greement with the findings of Akinleye et l. (2008), who found tht hemotologicl prmeters for chicks treted with Biomin insignificntly (p>0.05) ffected fter eight weeks of feeding. Blood iochemicl prmeters: As shown in Tle 5, the findings illustrted the verges of totl protein fro treted chicks decresed significntly thn tht of the control t 6 weeks of ge. Similr results were found y Rozeh Fllh et l. (2014), found tht the totl protein for chicks fed 1.5 g syniotic/kg diet decresed significntly (p<0.05) thn those of the control group. In contrst, the results of Slim (2004), showed significnt effect of proiotics on totl protein, lumen nd gloulin in roiler chicks. Referring to totl cholesterol, these findings showed tht totl cholesterol for roilers treted with iomin decresed significntly (p<0.05) t 2 nd 4 weeks of ge, while it incresed t 6 weeks of ge compred to control group except. 556

4 Tle 2: Body weight nd ody weight gin of roiler chicks ffected y Biomin dministrtion (LSM±SE) Age/weeks Tretments Body weight (g) C C Control (Without) 48.61± ± ± ± ± ± ±34.34 T2 (20 mg Biomin) 48.5± ± ± ± ± ± ±32.3 T3 (30 mg Biomin) 48.29± ± ± ± ± ± ±32.0 Body weight gin (g) c Control (Without) 93.3± ± ± ± ± ± ±37.5 T2 (20 mg Biomin) 88.7± ± ± ± ± ± ±35.6 T3 (30 mg Biomin) 92.7± ± ± ± ± ± ±34.9 Tle 3: Feed intke nd feed conversion rtio of roiler chicks ffected y Biomin dministrtion (LSM±SE) Age week Tretments 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week 5th week 6th week Totl (g) Feed consumption (g) Control (Without) T2 (20 mg Biomin/chick) T3 (30 mg Biomin/chick) Feed conversion rtio (feed/gin) Control (Without) 1.93± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.03 c C T2 (20 mg Biomin/chick) 1.55± ± C± ± ± ± ±0.03 c c c T3 (30 mg Biomin/chick) 1.78± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.03 Tle 4: Hemtologicl prmeters of roiler chicks ffected y Biomin dministrtion (LSM±SE) Age/weeks Tretment Htch 2nd week 4th week 6th week Hemogloin (g/dl) Control (without) 7.06± ± ± ±0.79 T2 (20 mg Biomin) 7.06± ± ± ±0.79 T3 (30 mg Biomin) 7.06± ± ± ±0.79 Hemtocrit (%) Control (without) 38.11± ± ± ±2.65 T2 (20 mg Biomin) 38.11± ± ± ±2.65 T3 (30 mg Biomin) 38.11± ± ± ±2.65 The decrese in totl cholesterol could e ttriuted to contrst, the findings showed tht the verges of AST the decresed liver cholesterol concentrtion, which led nd ALT for chicks treted with Biomin t different levels to less cholesterol in the serum. The hypo- (20 nd 30 mg/chick) significntly (p<0.05) decresed t cholsterolemic effect my lso due to the ility of lctic 4 nd 6 weeks of ge compred to control. These cid cteri to produce ile slt hydrolse s (BSH) results re in greement with the findings of Ad Elenzymes, which is responsile for ile slt Azeem (2002), who found tht roiler chicks fed deconjugtion (Klver nd Vn der Meer, 1993). These Proiotics recorded significnt AST, ALT enzymes ctivity results re in greement with the findings of Rozeh nd cretinine level. Fllh et l. (2014), found the verges of totl protein for chicks fed 1.5 g/kg syniotic (p<0.05) decresed Lymphoid orgns: As presented in Tle 7, no significntly thn those of the control group. Also, Beski significnt differences were found in treted nd control nd Al-Srdry (2015) found tht the concentrtion of chicks on spleen nd thymus orgns. On the other hnd, serum cholesterol nd LDL of roiler chickens Burs fricious weight nd reltive weight decresed supplemented with symiotic in the diet significntly significntly in roiler chicks received Biomin compred (p<0.05) decresed s compred with the control group. to control. This increse in Burs weight for treted chicks could e reflects the improvement in ird helth Kidney nd Liver functions: As show in Tle 6, the s result of received Biomin in drinking wter. level of cretinine (mg %) in roiler chicks received These results re disgreement with those of Ghhri Biomin incresed significntly thn those in the control et l. (2013), who found no significnt differences in the group especilly t 2 nd 4 weeks of ge. These results solute weight of spleen for roiler treted with re in greement with the findings of Slim (2004). In Antiiotic, Proiotic, Preiotic nd Syniotic compred to 557

5 Tle 5: Effect of Biomin supplementtion (M±SE) on serum iochemicl prmeters for roiler chicks Age/weeks Tretment Totl protein (g/dl) c Control 3.802± ± ± ±0.20 T ± ± ± ±0.20 c T ± ± ± ±0.20 Alumin (g/dl) Control 1.970± ± ± ±0.33 T ± ± ± ±0.33 T ± ± ± ±0.37 Gloulin (g/dl) Control 1.851± ± ± ±0.38 T ± ± ± ±0.38 T ± ± ± ±0.38 Totl lipids (g/dl) Control 0.805± ± ± ±0.08 T ± ± ± ±0.08 T ± ± ± ±0.08 Totl cholesterol (mg/dl) Control ± ± ± ±22.03 T ± ± ± ±22.03 c T ± ± ± ±22.03 Glucose (mg/dl) Control ± ± ± ±60.13 T ± ± ± ±60.13 T ± ± ± ±60.13, T2: 20 mg Biomin/chick nd T3: 30 mg Biomin Tle 6: Kidney nd liver functions of roiler chicks ffected y Biomin dministrtion (LSM±SE) Age/weeks Group Htch 2nd week 4th week 6th week Kidney functions Cretinine (mg %) Control 1.059± ± ± ±0.07 T ± ± ± ±0.09 T ± ± ± ±0.07 Liver functions AST (unit/m) Control 15.45± ± ± ±1.23 c T ± ± ± ±1.23 T ± ± ± ±1.37 ALT (unit/m) Control 8.66± ± ± ±3.05 T ± ± ± ±3.05 T ± ± ± ±3.42 Tle 7: Lymphoid orgns of roiler chicks ffected y Biomin dministrtion (LSM±SE) At 6 weeks of ge Trits Control T 2 T 3 Spleen Reltive weight (mg/100 g BW) ± ± ±35.30 Weight (g) 3.475± ± ±0.712 Thymus Reltive weight (mg/100 g BW) ± ± ±79.79 Weight (g) ± ± ±1.84 Burs Reltive weight (mg/100 g BW) ± ± ± Weight (g) 3.30± ± ±0.24 Mens with different superscripts in the sme row re significntly different (p<0.05) p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, NS: p<0.05, Sig: Significnce control group. On the other hnd, they dded the solute weight of urs for treted roiler significntly ffected thn those in the control group. Similrly, the results of Awd et l. (2009), showed tht the weight of thymus weight in roiler chicks supplemented with proiotic (11 g) incresed significntly (p<0.05) thn 558

6 Tle 8: Antiody response to Newcstle vccine nd SRBC s of roiler chicks ffected y Biomin dministrtion (LSM±SE) Trits nd week Control T 2 T 3 Antiody response to Newcstle vccine t ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.75 Antiody response to SRBC s ± ± ±0.73 Geometric mens ginst SRBC s Mens with different superscripts in the sme row re significntly different (p<0.05) Tle 9: Input-output nlysis nd economicl efficiency of experimentl study Int. J. Poult. Sci., 14 (10): , Experimentl groups T2 T3 T1 (20 mg/ (30 mg/ control chick) chick) New ingredient: Biomin cost/pister * Totl cost/chick () Mrketing BW (gm) Totl revenue/chick (2) () Net revenue/chick (-) Economicl efficiency (3) 27.34% 45.64% 56.80% Reltive E E% (4) 100% % % 1: Bsed upon the price of feed = 3.8 L.E. ccording to price (2015) 2: Bsed upon the price of ech Kg live weight = L.E : Net revenue per cost unit 4: Reltive to the E.E. of the control *New ingredient proiotics (Biomin: the price of 1 gm/0.65 L.E This is the price of the mount of growth promoters dded for one chick those 9 nd 10 g for chicks supplemented with symiotic nd control group, respectively. Also, Shoei et l. (1997) reported tht the urs of proiotic-treted chickens showed n increse in the numer of follicles with high plsm cell rection in the medull. Immune responses nd immune system cpcity: The effect of Biomin tretments on ntiody production ginst NDV in roilers from 7 to 42 dy of ge re presented in Tle 8. On the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th nd 6th weeks of ge, no significnce difference mong ntiody titers of experimentl groups were oserved. These results re in greement with those of Ghhri et l. (2013), who found no significnt differences on ntiody titers were found for roiler chicks t 28, 35 nd 42 dys of ge mong the preiotic, proiotic nd phosphomycin-treted irds in the entire experimentl period (p>0.05). In contrst, the findings of Hghighi et l. (2006) showed tht proiotics enhnce the systemic ntiody response to some ntigens in chickens. Also, Tlei et l. (2008), who found tht dministrtion of multi-strin proiotic in roiler chickens, improve the ntiody responses to Newcstle disese. With regrd to immune response ginst sheep red lood cells s presented in Tle 8, the our findings showed increse (p<0.05) in immune response (s Geometric Mens GM) for treted roiler chicks s compred to those of the control. The eneficil effects of Proiotics on the immune system my e medited y direct ntgonistic effect ginst specific groups of microorgnism, resulting in decrese in numer (Hentges, 1983), or y n effect on their metolism (Goldin nd Gorch, 1984) or y stimulting the immunity (Houshmnd et l., 2012). Also, Pnd et l. (2000) showed tht, the supplementtion of proiotics long with injections of sheep red lood cells, reveled higher levels of nti-ody productions in roiler chicks. In the other studies when the roiler diet ws enriched. Economicl efficiency: Tle 9, shows the dt of the Chick price/le economicl efficiency of Biomin tretments. The costs of Veterinry cost/chick/le Feed intke/chick/kg dietry new feed stuff (20 nd 30 mg Biomin /chick) were Feed cost/chick (1) little higher thn control diet. The est vlue of the economicl efficiency ws clculted for chick received Biomin t level of (20 gm/chick) s proiotics. This ws due to the improvement in feed conversion efficiency (feed/gin) for irds received Biomin s nturl dditives. Conclusions nd pplictions: Bsed on these dt, it could e recommended to use Biomin t 20 nd 30 mg/chick in drinking wter s good nturl product to improve the feed utiliztion, immunity nd Hemtologicl prmeters. The treted roiler chicks with Biomin hd significntly (p<0.05) incresed ody weight, dily weight gin s compred with control group. Using orl Biomin dministrtions in drinking wter t 20 nd 30 mg/chick is more economicl, especilly for smll frmers. REFERENCES Ad EL-Azeem, F., Digeson, Neomycin nd yest supplementtion in roiler diets under Egyptin summer conditions. Egypt Poult. Sci., 22: Alexnder, D.J., W.H. Alln nd P.M. Biggs, A stndrd technique for hemgglutintion inhiition tests for ntiodies to vin infectious ronchitis virus. Vet. Rec., 113: 64. Akinleye, S.B., E.A. Iyyi nd K.D. Afoli, The performnce, hemtology nd crcss trits of roilers s ffected y diets supplemented with or without iomin nturl growth promoter. World J. Agric. Sci., 4:

7 Att, A.M.M., A Geneticl study on the White Bldi Flki, M., M. Shms Shrgh, B. Dstr nd S. fowl. Ph. D. Thesis, Fculty of Agriculture, Ciro University, Giz, EGYPT. Awd, A.M.A. nd S.S.A. Zouelfeker, Project report: effects of Proiotics nd Comintion of E. coli Infections in Broiler Chickens. Ciro University, Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, Deprtment of Poultry Diseses, Giz, Egypt. Awd, W.A., K. Ghree, S. Nitsch, S. Psteiner, Adel S. Rheem nd J. Bohm, Effects of dietry inclusion of preiotic, proiotic nd syniotic on the intestinl glucose sorption of roiler Chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 7: Awd, W.A., K. Ghree, S. Adel-Rheem nd J. Bohm, Effects of dietry inclusion of proiotic nd syniotic on growth performnce, orgn weights nd intestinl histomorphology of roiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 88: Aziz Mousvi, S.M.A., A. Seidvi, M. Ddsheiki, Kilonzo- A. Nthenge, S.N. Nhshon, V. Luddio nd V. Tufrelli, Effect of syniotic (Biomin IMBO) on growth performnce trits of roiler chickens. Eur. Poult. Sci., 79: , Verlg Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgrt. Beski, S.S.M. nd S.Y.T. Al-Srdry, Effects of Dietry Supplementtion of Proiotic nd Syniotic on Broiler Chickens Hemtology nd Intestinl Integrity. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 14: Cstnon, J.I., History of the Use of Antiiotics s Growth Promoters in Europen Poultry Feeds. Poult. Sci., 86: Chichlowski, M., W.J. Croom, F.W. Edens, B.W. McBride, R. Qiu, C.C. Ching, L.R. Dniel, G.B. Hvenstein nd M.D. Koci, Microrchitecture nd sptil reltionship etween cteri nd ilel, cecl nd colonic epithelium in chicks fed directfed microil, PrimLc nd slinomycin. Poult. Sci., 86: Duncn, D.B., Multiple rnge nd multiple F tests. Biomet., 11: El-Kity, A.M., Immunogenetic studies in locl reeds of Chickens. Ph.D. Thesis, Fculty of Agriculture, Ciro University, Giz, EGYPT. (Poultry Physiology). Europen Commission, Regultion (EC) No. 1831/2003 of the Europen Prliment nd of the Council of 22 Septemer 2003 on dditives for use in niml nutrition. Officil J. Eur. Union L., 268: Erfni Mjd, N., M. Myhi nd A. Sdeghi Moghdm, The effect of lphmune nd iomin on histomorphologicl structure of smll intestine nd cecl tonsil lymphoid tissue in roiler chicken. Irnin J. Vet. Res., 46: Zerehdrn, Effect of different levels of proiotic nd preiotic on performnce nd crcss chrcteristics of roiler chickens. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 10: Fuller, R., Proiotics in mn nd nimls. J. Applied Bcteriol., 66: Goldin, B.R. nd S.I. Gorch, The effect of milk nd lctocillus feeding on humn intestinl cteril enzyme ctivity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 39: Ghhri, Hsn, Tohid Toloei nd Behzd Soleimni Efficcy of Antiiotic, Proiotic, Preiotic nd Syniotic on Growth Performnce, Orgn Weights, Intestinl Histomorphology nd Immune Response in Broiler Chickens.Ghhri et l., Glol J. Anim. Scient. Res., 1: Hghighi, H.R., J. Gong, C.L. Gyles, M.A. Hyes, H. Zohu, B. Snei, J.R. Chmers nd S. Shrif, Proiotics stimulte production of nturl ntiodies in chickens. Clin. nd Vccine Immunol., 139: Houshmnd, M., K. Azhr, I. Zulkifli, M.H. Bejo nd A. Kmy, Effects of non-ntiiotic feed dditives on performnce, immunity nd intestinlmorphology of roilers fed different levels of protein. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 2: Hentges, D.J., Role of intestinl micro flor in host defense ginst infection in humn intestinl microflor in helth nd diseses. Ed. Hentges Ch., 14: Klver, F.A.M. nd R. Vn der Meer, The ssumed ssimiltion of cholesterol y Lctocilli nd Bifidcterium ifidium is due to their ile sltdeconjugtion ctivity. Applied nd Environ. Micro., 59: Liong, M.T. nd N.P. Shh, Effects of Lctocillus Csei symiotic on serum Lipoprotein, intestinl microflor nd orgnic cid in rts. J. Diry Sci., 89: Montes, A.J. nd D.G. Pugh, The use of proiotics in food-niml prctice. Vet. Med., 88: Mff, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries nd Food. Mnul of Veterinry Investigtion Techniques. Volume 2. Reference Book 390. Third Edition. Edited y Dvies E.T., Benson, J.A., Bicknel, S.R., Grey, D.E.; Hewitt, S.G., Lloyd, Morrison, J.R.A., Ostler, D.C., Pepin, G.A. nd Purvis, C.M. MAFF/ADASS. Mohmmdmin, O.G. nd T.S. Quih, Histopthology of virulent Newcstle disese virus in immune roiler chickens treted with IMBO. Irqi J. Vet. Sci., 25: Mohnl, M., Benefits from using iomin c-x nd iomin imo in poultry production. Biomin Newsletter, 4:

8 Mohnl, M., Y. Acost Argon, A. Acost Ojed, B. Roofchee, A., I. Mehrdd, M.A. Erhimzdeh nd M.R. Rodriguez Snchez nd S. Psteiner, Effect of Akri, Effect of Dietry Oregno (Orignum syniotic feed dditive in comprison to ntiiotic vulgre L.) Essentil Oil on Growth Performnce, growth promoter on performnce nd helth sttus Cecl Microflor nd Serum Antioxidnt Activity of of roilers. Poult. Sci., 86: 217. Broiler Chickens. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 10: Mustf, N.G., Effects of different doses of Rozeh Fllh, Syed Sdr, Ale She Fosoul nd proiotic (iomin) on some hemtologicl nd Hsn, Rezei, Effect of Syniotic on iochemicl prmeters in chicken. J. Edu. nd Performnce nd Serum Biochemicl Prmeters Sci., 4: of Ostrich Chicks. J. Frm Anim. Nutr. nd Physiol., Nhshon, S.N., H.S. Nkue nd L.W. Mirosh, : Production vriles nd nutrient retention in Single Rodrigues, T.A., C. Srtor, S.E. Higgins, A.D. Wolfenden, Com White Leghorn lying pullets fed diets L.R. Bielke, C.M. Pixley, L. Sutton, G. Tellez nd supplemented with direct-fed microils. Poult. Sci., M. Hrgis, Effect of Aspergillus mel preiotic 73: (fermcto) on performnce of roiler chickens in the Nseri Alvi, S.A., A. Zkeri, B. Kmrni nd Y. strter phse nd fed low protein diets. J. Appl. Pourkri, Effect of Preiotics, Proiotics, Poult. Res., 14: Acidfire, Growth Promoter Antiiotics nd Syniotic Slim, I.H., Effect of dietry protein nd some feed on Humurl Immunity of Broiler Chickens. Glo Vet., dditives on roiler performnce. M.Sci. Thesis, 8: Ciro University. NRC, Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th rev. Ed. Smli, H.E., N. Senkoylu, F. Koc, M. Knter nd A. Agm, N-tionl Acdemy Press, Wshington D.C. USA Effects of Enterococcus fecium nd dried Pnd, A.K., M.R. Reddy, S.V. Rmro nd N.K. whey on roiler performnce, gut histomorphology Prhrj, Effect of dietry supplementtion of nd microiot. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 61: proi-otic on performnce nd immune response of SAS, SAS Procedure Guide. Relese 6.03 Edition. lyers in decline phse of production. Indin J. SAS Institute Inc., Cry, Nc U.S.A. Poult. Sci., 3: Shoei, H.K., A.N. Syed, S.A. Sotohy nd S.K. Adel Perdigon, G., S. Alvrez, M. Rchid, G. Aguero nd N. Ghffr, Response of roiler chicks to Goto, Immune system stimultion y proiotic (pronifer) supplementtion. Assiut. Vet. Proiotics. J. Diry Sci., 78: Med. J., 36: Periæ, L., D. Zikic nd M. Lukic, Appliction of Steel, R. nd J.H. Torrie, Principles nd Alterntive Growth Promoters in Broiler Production. Procedures of Sttistics. 1st ed. McGrw-Hill Book Biotechnol. in Anim. Husndry, 25: Co. Inc. New York. Plil, R., The Innovtive power of proiotics. Poult. Tlei, A., B. Amirzdeh, B. Mokhtri nd H. Ghri, Int., pp: Effects of multi-strin proiotic (PrimLc) Pluske, J.R., M.J. Tompson, C.S. Atwood, P.H. Bird, I.H. onperformnce nd ntiody responses to Willims nd P.E. Hrtmnn, Mintennce of Newcstle disese virus nd infectious ursl villus height nd crypt depth nd enhncement of disese virus vccintion in roiler chickens. Avin discchride digestion nd monoscchride Pthol., 37: sorption, in piglets fed on cows whole milk fter wening. Br. J. Nutr., 76: