Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Cake in the Diets of Cockerel Chickens

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 8 (1): 47-51, 2009 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2009 Neem (Azdircht indic) Seed Cke in the Diets of Cockerel Chickens A.A. Odunsi, S.A. Adegile, T.O. Aknde nd T.B. Olyeni Deprtment of Animl Production nd Helth, Ldoke Akintol University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogomoso, Nigeri Astrct: The response of cockerel chickens fed grded levels of untreted nd treted neem seed cke s prtil replcement of Soy Ben Mel (SBM) ws investigted. A totl of 180 cockerels were sujected to n 8 week feeding tril in 3x2 fctoril design. There were 6 dietry tretments: diets 1 nd 2 contined Untreted Neem Seed Cke (UNSC) t 10 nd 20%, diets 3 nd 4 contined Wter Soked Neem Seed Cke (WNSC) t 10 nd 20% levels while diets 5 nd 6 contined Chrcol supplemented Neem Seed Cke (CNSC) t 10 nd 20% ech replcing soyen mel. The chrcol in diets 5 nd 6 ws dded t dose of 4 kg/tonne of feed. Results otined showed tht Feed Intke (FI), Body Weight Gin (BWG) nd Feed Cost per kilogrm Weight Gin (FCWG) were significntly different (p<0.05) cross the tretments while feed gin rtio nd feed cost did not show ny difference mong tretment mens. Cockerels on WNSC diets hd higher FI nd BWG while those on UNSC hd the lest vlues. FCWG ws similr in WNSC nd CNSC nd ws etter (p<0.05) thn UNSC. Cockerels fed UNSC sed diets produced lest result in nerly ll the crcss indices mesured. Bigger rest plte, thigh, drumstick nd ck prts (p<0.05) were oserved for irds on WNSC diets up to 20% level of inclusion. Blood prmeters did not show ny significnt differences (p>0.05) mong dietry tretments. It is concluded tht treted neem seedcke my replce prt of SBM used in the diet of cockerel chickens t the levels studied. Key words: Feed resources, improvement technique, poultry, neem seed cke INTRODUCTION The world demnd for dditionl protein supply for the incresing popultion hs encourged the studies nd exploittion of vrious inedile protein-rich y products. Over the pst two to three decdes, there hs een significnt upsurge of interest in the use of fodder trees nd shrus s source of protein nd other nutrients for the non-ruminnts. However, the current trend in high cost of feed with irregulr supply of feedstuffs which pose gret thret to the future of livestock industry is n indiction tht reserch ttempts hve not mtch up with different chllenges of feeding frm nimls. A stedy supply of low cost feed is essentil in the quest to improve productivity of niml (Soniy, 1990). It therefore ecomes very impertive to intensify efforts in serch for cheper, undnt nd loclly ville lterntives tht hs little or no dietry vlue to mn (Odunsi et l., 2002) for sustinle production. This serch should e logiclly hrnessed towrds poultry tht depend to lrger extent on compounded feed (Longe nd Fgenro-Byron, 1989) ut re quite simple to rise, prolific nd economicl to ridge mn s need for niml protein. Neem (Azrdircht indic) seed cke otined from neem seed oil industry is potentil lterntive source of non-conventionl feedstuff. Informtion ville on Neem plnt (Azrdircht indic) indicted tht it is the only species in the genus Azrdircht. It is ntive to Indi nd Burm, growing in tropicl nd semitropicl regions (Rmesh, 2000) nd spn for mny yers. A fullgrown tree cn produce kg fruit depending on rinfll soil type nd ecotype. 50 kg of fruits yield 30 kg of seed giving 6 kg of oil nd 24 kg of seed cke (Rmesh, 2000). Its medicinl properties re well documented mking it desirle tree plnt. According to Ketkr (1976), Neem seed cke contined 3.56% nitrogen, 0.83% phosphorous nd 0.77% clcium. The protein in the cke is reltively lnced in its mino cid nd minerl profiles. However, the use of neem seed cke s feedstuff ws discourged ecuse of the presence of itter nd toxic triterpenoids, minly nimin, nimidin, zdirchtin nd slnin (Pul et l., 1996). It ws lso reported tht feeding of such ingredient might imprt unplesnt tste or smell on the met (Clusen et l., 1985). Attempts hve een mde to detoxify nd to reduce itterness of the cke for niml use through solvent extrction, wter wshing, lkli soking, uremmunition nd utoclving (Gowd et l., 1998; Uko nd Kmlu, 2006; Bw et l., 2007). Soking in wter nd ddition of chrcol would therefore dd to the existing methods of detoxifiction nd pltility enhncement. The cost of processing the seed or cke ecomes fctor to consider in prcticl livestock feeding. This study focused on the use of simple nd low cost improvement technique to evlute performnce, crcss nd hemtologicl qulities of cockerel chickens fed treted nd untreted neem seed cke sed diets. 47

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Seed collection nd preprtion: The neem seeds were collected in tches during fruiting seson (My- July) t loctions within Ogomoso, Nigeri. The collected seeds were sun dried to constnt weight nd weighed. Prts of the dried seeds were soked in wter in n open sin for 72 h. The seed were poured into jute g to drin the wter nd lter sun-dried to constnt weight. Then, the wter soked nd untreted seeds were tken to the mill seprtely for oil extrction. Cke otined from the oil-extrction ws then ground in hmmer mill to pss through 2 mm sieve. Neem seed cke mel ws incorported into diets of cockerel chickens s Wter Soked Neem Seed Cke (WNSC) nd Untreted Neem Seed Cke (UNSC). Experimentl diets: Six diets were formulted. Diets 1 nd 2 contining Untreted Neem Seed Cke (UNSC) t 10 nd 20%, Diets 3 nd 4 contined Wter Soked Neem Seed Cke (WNSC) t 10 nd 20% while diets 5 nd 6 contined wood Chrcol supplemented Untreted Neem Seed Cke (CNSC) t 10 nd 20%. Ech level of inclusion replced prt of Soy Ben Mel (SBM) s source of protein in typicl reference diet. Chrcol ws dded to diets 5 nd 6 t the rte of 4 kg/ tonne. Other ingredients s contined in the gross composition is s shown in Tle 1. Experimentl irds nd mngement: A totl of 180 dy-old Hrco cockerels were rndomly llocted to 6 tretment groups with 3 replictions of 10 irds ech. The design of the experiment ws 3x2 fctoril ly out i.e., 3 tretments (untreted, soked nd chrcol supplemented) nd 2 replcements t 10 nd 20% inclusion levels. The irds were housed on floor rooder with wood shving throughout the 8 weeks of the experiment. Feed nd wter were given d liitun. Feed intke nd live weight mesurement were tken weekly to determine weight gin rtio while current mrket price ws used for the economic nlysis. Cost per kg of feed ws clculted from the costs of vrious ingredients used in the rtion formultion. Cost per kg weight gin ws determined y multiplying cost per feed y feedgin rtio. Crcss nd lood nlysis: Four irds were rndomly selected per tretment (i.e., 2/replicte) for crcss cuts nd orgn exmintion t the expirtion of the experiment hving withdrwn feed for 12 h. Weight of orgns nd vrious prts were tken nd expressed s percentge of the finl live weight of the irds. Blood smples ment for hemtologicl nlyses were drwn from the wing veins of the selected experimentl irds nd collected in Ethylene Dimine Tetr-Acette (EDTA) ottles. Pcked Cell Volume (PCV), Hemogloin concentrtion (H), Red Blood Cell (RBC) Tle 1: Proximte composition of untreted nd wter soked neem seed cke Untreted neem Wter soked Constituent (%) seed cke neem seed cke Dry mtter Crude protein Crude fire Ash Ether extrct Nitrogen free extrct Gross energy (kcl/kg) were determined using Wintroes microhemtocrit, colorimetric cynomethemogloin method nd improved Neuuer hemocytometer, respectively (Lm, 1991) nd others such s leucocytes, neutrophil nd lymphocytes were nlyzed s descried y Jin (1986). Chemicl nd sttisticl nlysis: Proximte composition of the diets nd test ingredients were determined y stndrd method of AOAC (1990). Following the experimentl design of 3x2 fctoril rrngement, dt otined were sujected to two-wy nlysis of vrince in completely rndomized design using SPSS (1999). Significnt mens were seprted, using Lest Significnt Differences designed y Fisher s outlined y Whu (1999). RESULTS The crude protein content of treted neem seedcke ws higher thn those otined for untreted neem seed cke while the energy vlue ws lower in the former. Protein content of the diets rnges etween nd 21.25% with WNSC sed diet hving the highest vlues (Tle 1). The performnce of cockerels fed untreted nd treted neem seed cke sed diets is shown in Tle 2. Feed intke, weight gin nd feed cost per kilogrm weight gin showed significnt differences (p<0.05) cross the tretments. UNSC, WNSC nd CNSC did not impose significnt chnges (p>0.05) on feed gin rtio nd feed cost t the 2 levels of inclusion. Improved weight gin nd feed consumption were evident (p<0.05) in WNSC t 10, 20 nd 10% of CNSC. The summry of the single effect of tretments on performnce is s shown in Tle 3. No significnt difference (p>0.05) ws oserved for the single effect of tretments on performnce indices mesured except for feed cost per kilogrm weight gin, which ws etter (p<0.05) in WNSC nd CNSC thn UNSC dietry tretment. The result of crcss nd orgn chrcteristics (Tle 4) showed tht the ck, drumstick nd thigh prts were significntly igger (p<0.05) in 20% WNSC compred to CNSC nd UNSC tretments. The restplte prt ws notly smller in UNSC prticulrly t 20% level. Hed, neck, shnk nd wing did not show significnt 48

3 Tle 2: Gross composition of experimentl diets (%) Ingredients Fixed ingredients* Soy en mel Neem seed cke Chrcol Determined contents (%) Dry mtter Crude protein Crude fire Ash Ether extrct Nitrogen free extrcts **Metolizle Energy (kcl/kg) *Fixed ingredients contins (%): mize, 50.0; whet offl, 15.3; groundnut cke, 10.0; fish mel, 3.0; oyster shell, 1.0; one mel, 2.0; slt, 0.25; methionine, 0.20 nd premix, **Clculted nd devoid of vlues from NSC Tle 3: Performnce of cockerels fed treted nd untreted neem seed cke sed diets Prmeters SEM Feed intke (g) BWG (g//d) Feed/gin rtio Feed cost/ kg (#) Feed cost/ kg BWG (#/kg) *UNSC *WNSC *CNS C Feed intke (g) BWG (g//d) Feed/gin rtio Feed cost (#) Feed cost/ kg BWG #/kg) Mens ering different superscript in the sme row differ significntly (p<0.05) *Single effect of tretment SEM: Stndrd Error of Mens Tle 4: Crcss nd orgn chrcteristics of cockerels fed treted nd untreted neem seed cke sed diets Prmeters/ Crcss (%) SEM Hed Neck Shnk Bck Wing Drumstick Thigh Brest 23.6 c Orgn (%) Lung Kidney Hert Spleen Liver Proventriculus Gizzrd Mens ering different superscript in the sme row differ significntly (p<0.05), SEM: Stndrd Error of Mens differences (p>0.05). None of the orgns (lung, kidney, significntly different (p>0.05) from CNSC in terms of hert, spleen, liver, proventriculus nd gizzrd) showed ck, drumstick, restplte nd thigh crcss cut significnt differences (p>0.05) cross the tretments. regions. Tle 5 revels the single effect of tretments on All hemtologicl indices mesured in this study (PCV, crcss nd orgn chrcteristics. It indicted tht WBC, Hemogloin nd erythrocytes indices) re WNSC ws superior (p<0.05) over the UNSC ut not similr cross the tretments (Tle 6). 49

4 DISCUSSION Soking in wter is etter improvement technique s reflected in higher vlues otined for crude protein nd ether extrct content of the cke. The result corroortes the findings of Nth et l. (1983) who reported tht soking of the seed improved the crude protein content nd pltility of the cke. This mens tht soking of neem seed is etter improvement technique thn utoclving tht lowered crude protein content of the seed (Uko nd Kmlu, 2006). Slight decline in gross energy content otined for WNSC is proly due to loss of some solule prt of the seed in wter during soking. Untreted neem seed cke hs een reported for its pungent smell nd unpltility, which depressed feed consumption nd dversely ffected growth (Nth et l., 1974). Improved consumption of WNSC sed diets s oserved in oth the tretment effects nd inclusion levels compred to other tretments my e ttriuted to the reduction of wter solule itter components like nimin nd nimidin during soking. Decline in feed intke in CNSC my e linked to poor presenttion of the feed due to its lckish colour in ddition to its itter tste nd unplesnt sulphur odour due to presence of certin lkloids in the seed (Nth et l., 1983; Elngovn et l., 2000). The positive effect of wood chrcol supplement s n dsorent mnifested in irds fed 10 nd 20%, which resulted in higher weight gin similr to tht of WNSC despite its low feed intke. This implies tht wood chrcol could e n effective dsoring gent of nti nutritive fctors of feed preventing tissue depletion in experimentl irds. This is in consonnce with the study conducted y Kutlu et l. (2001) who reported tht wood chrcol inclusion improved performnce of roiler chickens during the first 4 weeks of ge. It ws lso reported tht ctivted chrcol dsors toxins nd enhnces the intke of poisonous plnts (Poge et l., 2000). According to Nth et l. (1983), the principl growth-retrding fctors of neem seed cke were elieved to e wter-solule. This my explin the reson for significnt weight gin noted with WNSC over the UNSC tretments t the two levels of inclusion. Feed cost per kilogrm weight gin of the improvement techniques reveled tht soking of neem seed cke in wter is the most cost effective followed y CNSC in ddition to their prcticlity nd simplicity. The mrginl rise in feed cost noted with WNSC is due to lour costs ccrued from soking nd sun drying. While the dsorption therpy with chrcol s non-digestive crrier is n importnt method of preventing the ingested toxicnt or noxious sustnces formed in the gstro intestinl trct (Mhipl nd Mhjn, 1994), the physicl presenttion of the feed ppered to hve contriuted to its low feed consumption. For crcss qulity indices, cockerels fed UNSC sed diets recorded low vlues in nerly ll prmeters mesured compred to those on treted NSC diets. The thigh, drumstick, restplte nd ck prts were prticulrly igger in WNSC tretment group, mening tht soking of NSC improved dressing percentge of the experimentl irds nd will e etter improvement technique for NSC. The hemtologicl vlues were within the norml levels reported for chickens (Mitruk nd Rwnsley, 1977). This indicted tht t the levels of inclusion 10 nd 20% NSC, treted or untreted did not hve ny dverse ffect Tle 5: Summry of single effect of tretment on crcss nd orgn chrcteristics Prmeters (%) UNSC WNSC CNSC Hed Neck Shnk Bck Wing Drum stick Thigh Brestplte Orgns (%) Lung Kidney Hert Spleen Liver Proventriculus Gizzrd Mens ering different superscript in the sme row differ significntly (p<0.05) Tle 6: Hemtologicl indices of cockerel fed treted nd untreted NSC diets Prmeters SEM Hemogloing/dl PCV (%) RBC g/dl WBC mm MCV (µ3) MCH (Fmg) MCHC (%) Neutrophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Monocytes

5 on the functions of the cells nd orgns of the cockerel chickens. It could lso e sid tht the like hood of long term effect or residul effect on the met ws not mnifested. Orgn chrcteristics re further evidence reveling tht nti nutritive fctor in NSC t the level of inclusion did not jeoprdize the norml functioning of the orgns. There were no significnt differences cross the tretments possily ecuse the inclusion levels studied were tolerle nd tht the het during oil extrction might hve sustntilly reduced toxic sustnces of the cke. Conclusion: It cn e concluded tht treted neem seedcke could e used s feed ingredient in poultry diet. Soking of the neem seed cke in wter nd chrcol supplementtion were, even t 10 nd 20% soyen mel replcement levels, etter nd cost effective improvement techniques. The dsorent nture of chrcol s non-digestive crrier prevented the ingested toxicnt to interfere with the performnce chrcteristics of cockerels while the physicl presenttion of the feed needs to e considered. REFERENCES AOAC, Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemists. Officil Method of Anlysis. 15th Edn. Wshington D.C. Bw, G.S., M., Orunmuyi, A.S. Agji, Z. Ldn nd U.O. Okekeifi, Effect of different methods of processing neem (Azdircht indic) seed on the performnce of young ris. Pk. J. Nutr., 6: Clusen, S.L.M., A. Lrsen Ploger nd H. Sorensen, Advnces in the production nd utiliztion of cruciferous crops. Junk pulictions, Netherlnds. Elngovn, A.V., S.V.S. Verm, V.R. Sstry nd S. Singh, Lying performnce of Jpnese quil fed grded levels of neem (Azdircht indic) mel incorported diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 88: Gowd, S.K., V.R. Sstry nd R.C. Ktiyr, Study on the utiliztion of neem kernel on protein supplements for growing rits. Indin Vet. J., 75: Jin, C.N., Schlm s Veterinry Hemtology. 4th Edn. Le nd Feiger, Phildelphi. Ketkr, C.M., Utiliztion of neem (Azdircht indic) nd its y products. Khdi nd villge industries commission. Bomy, pp: 38 nd 177. Kutlu, H.R., U. Liknur nd G. Murt, Effect of providing dietry wood (ok) chrcol to roiler chicks nd lying hens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 90: Lm, G.N., Mnul of veterinry lortory technique. CIBA-GEIGY, Keny, pp: Longe, O.G. nd Fgenro-Byron, Composition nd physicl chrcteristics of some firous wstes nd y products for pig feed in Nigeri. Beit Trop. Lndwirtsch. Vet. Med. 28: Mhipl, J.N. nd N.K. Mhjn, Toxicity of Afltoxin B, in roiler chicks nd its reduction y ctivted chrcol Res. Vet. Sci., 56: Mitruk, B.M. nd H.M. Rwnsley, Chemicl, Biochemicl nd Hemtologicl reference vlues in Norml Experimentl nimls. Msson Pu. USA Inc. New York, pp: Nth, K., S. Rjgopl nd A.K. Grge, Wter wshed neem (Azdircht indic) seed kernel in cttle feed. J. Agric. Sci., 101: Nth, K.S., P.S. Bedi, V.K. Vijjn nd S.K. Rnjhn, Nutritionl study with neem seed cke. Indin Ann. Rep. Anim. Nutr. Div. IVRI, Iztnger Indi. Odunsi, A.A., T.O. Aknde, A.S. Yusuph nd R.I. Slmi, Comprtive utiliztion of high inclusion rtes of four gro-industril y products in the diet of egg type chickens. Arch. Zootec., 51: Pul, B.N., N. Hque nd A.K. Grg, Effect of feeding neem seed kernel cke (Azdircht indic) on rumen enzyme of ufflo. Ind. Vet. J. 73: Poge, G.W., C.W. Scott, M.G. Bison nd F.S. Hrtmnn, Activted chrcol ttenutes itterweed (Hymenoxys odort) toxicosis in sheep. J. Rnge Mnge., 53: Rmesh, C.S., Neem for sustinle development nd environmentl conservtion. Indin Perspective pp: Soniy, E.B., The context nd prospects for development of smllholder rurl poultry production in Afric. Proc. Technicl center for rurl Agriculture nd rurl coopertion CTA. Sem. smllholder rurl poultry production, Vol. 1. Thessloniki, Greece, pp: SPSS, Sttisticl Pckge for socil Sciences. Procedure nd Fcilities for Reserch. McGrw-Hill Book. Co. New York. Uko, O.J. nd T.N. Kmlu, Protein qulity nd toxicity of full-ft neem (Azdircht indic A. Juss) seed kernel. Arch. Zootechnol., 55: Whu, T.A.T., Applied Sttistics for Scientific Studies. Afric Link Books, Ai Stte, Nigeri, pp: