Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaf on Laying Rate, Egg Quality and Blood Parameters

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 15 (7): , 2016 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2016 Effects of Moring oleifer Lef on Lying Rte, Egg Qulity nd Blood Prmeters A. Teteh, M. Gessor, E. Decuypere nd K. Ton Centre d Excellence Regionl sur les Sciences Aviires Universite de Lome, B.P. 1515, Lome, Togo 2 Deprtment of Biosystems, Lortory for Physiology nd Immunology of Domestic Animls, K.U. Leuven, Belgium 1 Astrct: Protein sources diversifiction nd ntiiotic growth promoter n hve led to the use of plnts. Through production improving, leves such s Moring oleifer leves were often used to meliorte roilers nd lyers growth. Attempt to improve egg production led us to undertke this study with 600 dy-old ISA Brown chicks (lyer-type) divided into three groups (M0, M1 nd M2) of 200 irds ech. They were rered up to 40 weeks. Dily egg nd feed intke were collected to determine lying rte nd conversion rtio. Weekly, 30 eggs per group were weighed nd roken to determine egg components rtio. At 20 nd 40 weeks, 40 irds per group were slughtered to collect lood, ovrin grpe nd oviduct. So, totl protein, glucose nd triglycerides concentrtions, ovrin grpe weight, oviduct weight nd follicles numer were determined. Dt collected showed higher egg production, hevier eggs nd higher triglycerides concentrtion in M1 compred to M2. High level of triglycerides cn e linked to oestrogens synthesis from sterols contined in Moring oleifer leves in M1 while high intke of oestrogen sustnces y hens of M2 reduces their production lthough ntinutritive sustnces effect on them cnnot e excluded. Key words: Moring oleifer lef, egg, ovrin grpe, oviduct, lood prmeters INTRODUCTION Egg nd poultry met ccount for 35.56% of humn niml protein requirements in the world with 13.12% for eggs only. Egg consumption nd its high nutritive vlue result in n importnt production estimted to 1,140 illion in 2008 (Nys et l., 2011). According to Sprks (2006), egg nutritive vlue depends on geogrphy nd feed composition which influences egg size, egg weight, lumen rtio, yolk rtio nd shell rtio. Poultry frmers try to mnipulte poultry feed through its composition nd qulity in the gol to improve egg productivity nd profitility. Antiiotic growth promoters re used to inhiit the multipliction of pthogens nd, susequently, to fvour digestion nd nutrients sorption y ird s digestive trct. However, ntiiotic residues nd trnsfer of ntiiotic-resistnt genes to humn pthogens result in severl illion dollrs loss every yer (Frhd nd Frid, 2011). Finncil nd pulic helth dmges hve led reserchers to focus their ttention on proiotics nd preiotics especilly the nturl ones such s plnt s lterntive fter the n in 2006 of the use of ntiiotic s growth promoter. Other considertions tht encourge the use of plnt sustnces in poultry feeding re the improving of yolk colourtion nd their high content in mcronutrients which is the key element of protein source diversifiction policy (FAO, 2004). Leucen leucocephl, Gliceridi sepium, Sesni sesn etc. hve een widely used to feed poultry resulting in improvement of productivity (D Mello nd Acmovic, 1989). In ddition, the incorportion of Curcum long t 0.5 nd 1% in lyer msh hs improved egg weight, shell thickness nd yolk rtio (Rdwn et l., 2008). Studies of Aktr et l. (2003) pointed out the incresing of lying rte, lumen rtio nd significnt reduction of yolk cholesterol content with lyers consuming feed contining 1.5% of Nigell stiv roots. Dong et l. (2007) found low lying rte nd high shell, high lumen nd high yolk rtio when lyers hve consumed Medicgostiv leves. Using dried leves of Mnihot esculent in lyer msh, Houndonougo et l. (2012) otined significnt improving of egg weight, lumen nd yolk rtio t 21 nd 32 weeks of ge. Regrding Moring oleifer, plnt lrgely used in trditionl medicine in the tropicl zone, most studies re undertken out its effect on roiler growth (Portugliz nd Fernndez, 2012; Bnjo, 2012; Gdziryi et l., 2012; Teteh et l., 2013) while few re devoted to lying rte, egg mss nd yolk colour (Kkengi et l., 2007). Effects of Moring oleifer leves on egg qulity nd lying rte s well s reproductive orgns of hens were not yet investigted. The im of this study ws to determine optimum inclusion level of Moring oleifer leves in lyer diet for egg production nd egg qulity improvement in reltionship with lood prmeters concentrtions. Corresponding Author: K. Ton, Centre d Excellence Regionl sur les Sciences Aviires Universite de Lome, B.P. 1515, Lome, Togo 277

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimentl design: The experiment ws crried out t the Centre d Excellence Regionl sur les Sciences Aviires (CERSA) of University of Lome (Togo). During 40 weeks, dy-old chicks ISA rown (lyer-type) produced y CERSA were fed with three types of diets contining Moring oleifer leves. Leves were collected from rurl res of Togo nd dried under ir conditioning system nd pulverized to e incorported in poultry feed. Sttisticl nlysis: Dt otined were expressed s men±stndrd error (SE) of men nd processed with the sttisticl softwre pckge Systt 11. ANOVA model ws used to nlyse the effects of experimentl diets on lying rte, egg weight, egg components rtio, ovrin grpe nd oviduct reltive weights nd glucose, totl protein nd triglycerides levels. If the overll F-vlue ws sttisticlly significnt (p<0.05), further comprisons mong groups were mde ccording to Tuckey s test. RESULTS Chicken feeding tretment: A totl of 600 dy-old ISA Effects of Moring oleifer leves on lying rte nd Brown chicks (lyer-type), divided into three groups (M0, feed conversion rtio: In generl, Fig. 1 shows regulr M1 nd M2) with 4 replictions of 50 lyers for ech incresing of lying rtes of groups up to 28 weeks group. The three groups were, respectively fed with diet where ech group reches its pek (80% for M0, 90.69% 1, 2 nd 3 from dy-old to d 280. Diet 1 is the sl diet for M1 nd 83.02% for M2). From 21th week, ge of the with 0% of Moring leves while diets 2 nd 3 contin, first ly in the three groups, to 24th week, M1 hd the respectively 1 nd 2% of Moring leves. Ech diet ws highest lying rte compred to M0 nd M2 (p<0.05) formulted to fit crude protein (CP) nd metolizle while from 24 to 40th week this difference remined nd energy (ME) of irds ccording to the developmentl ecome significntly more importnt thn previously stge (Tle 1). Dt were collected from 20 weeks (p<0.01). Regrding M0 nd M2, lying rtes were when irds strted consuming lyer diet. comprle until 31th week where M2 ecome significntly less productive thn M0 (p<0.05). In Tle Determintion of lying rte nd feed conversion rtio: 2, M0, M1 nd M2 hd similr feed intke while egg Eggs were collected dily nd lying rte registered weight ws higher in M1 thn M0 (p<0.05)nd M2 weekly (sum of dily egg numer x 100/sum of dily ird (p<0.01). Therefore, feed conversion in M2 ws higher if numer). Also, weekly feed intke ws determined. At compred to M1 (p<0.05). Groups M0 nd M2 were the end of every week, 30 eggs per group were weighed sttisticlly similr, lthough M2 hd numericlly the to determine feed conversion rtio (weekly feed intke highest feed conversion rtio. /weekly eggs weight). Effects of Moring oleifer leves on egg components Determintion of egg components rtio nd yolk nd yolk colour intensity: Tle 3 shows shell rtio, yolk colour: Weekly, 30 eggs per group were weighed nd rtio, lumen rtio nd yolk colour intensity. Shell rtio roken to collect meticulously shell, lumen nd yolk. (12.8±0.25 for M0, 13±0.01 for M1 nd 12.56±0.34 for These components were lso weighed to determine M2) nd yolk rtio (23.8±0.18 for M0, 23.9±0.17 for M1 their rtio (component weight x 100/solute egg nd 23.51±0.4 for M2) were comprle. But lumen weight). After weighing, the intensity of yolk colour ws ws hevier in M1 thn M0 (p<0.05) nd M2 (p<0.01). determined using Roche Scle. Concerning yolk colour intensity, eggs of M2 hd more coloured yolk thn those of M1 (p<0.05) nd M0 (p<0.01). Determintion of reltive weights of different prts of reproductive system nd lood prmeters Effects of Moring oleifer leves on ovrin grpe concentrtions: At 20 nd 40 weeks, 40 hens per group nd oviduct: Results re mentioned in Tle 4. M2 hd were slughtered to collect lood nd to isolte the lowest ovrin grpe compred to M0 (p<0.05) nd reproductive orgns. Blood smples were immeditely M1 (p<0.01). M2 hd lso fewer follicles thn M0 centrifuged t 3000 tours/min nd serum ws collected (p<0.05) nd M1 (p<0.01). Aout oviduct, M0 (4.2±0.15) for glucose, totl protein nd triglycerides levels nd M2 (4±0.31) were comprle on the one hnd nd mesuring. Blood prmeters levels were determined hd lighter oviducts thn M1 (p<0.05) on the other hnd. y colorimetric method with spectrometer type Climx Plus Version RAL. Chemicl regents used were Effects of Moring oleifer leves on lood Glucose Liquicolor produced y Humn Gmh-65205, prmeters concentrtions: Blood prmeters Triglycerides nd Totl Protein produced y Sprinrect concentrtions re summrized in Tle 5. Glucose SA-ctr Snt Colom 7-E Ovrin grpe nd concentrtions t 20 nd 40 weeks of ge were oviduct were collected nd weighed, only t 40 weeks, to comprle etween M0, M1 nd M2. Conversely, determine their reltive weight (ovrin grpe or oviduct esides the regulr incresing of lood prmeters weight x 100/reproductive system weight). Also, follicles levels oserved from 20 to 40 weeks, significnt round ech ovry were numered. differences pper etween totl protein levels on one 278

3 Tle 1: Gross composition of experimentl diets (%) Feed composition ccording to ge nd group Strter msh Grower msh Lyer msh Feed stuffs M0 M1 M2 M0 M1 M2 M0 M1 M2 Mize Whet rn Cotton cke Fish mel Soy seed Concentrte Oyster shell Slt Moring lef (%) Totl Clculted nlysis CP (%) ME (Kcl/kg) CF (%) CP: Crude Protein, ME: Metolizle Energy, CF: Crude Fire Tle 2: Feed intke, egg weight nd feed conversion rtio ccording to the tretment Groups Prmeters M0 M1 M2 Feed intke (g) 108± ± ±0.030 Egg weight (g) 54± ± ±0.930 Conversion rtio 2.61± ± ±0.030 Vlues re mens ± SEM. Within row, vlues shring the sme letter re not significntly different Tle 3: Egg components rtio nd yolk colour intensity Groups Prmeters M0 M1 M2 Shell rtio 13± ± ±0.34 Yolk rtio 24± ± ±0.4 Alumen rtio 61± ± ±0.200 c Yolk colour intensity 2.40± ± ±0.140 Vlues re mens ± SEM. Within row, vlues shring the sme letter re not significntly different Tle 4: Oviduct nd ovrin grpe reltive weights ccording to the tretment Groups Reprod. segment M0 M1 M2 Ovrin grpe Reltive weight 2.64± ± ±0.120 No. of follicles 10± ± ±0.310 Oviduct Reltive weight 4.20± ± ±0.310 Vlues re mens ± SEM. Within row, vlues shring the sme letter re not significntly different. Reprod.: Reproductive. No: Numer hnd nd triglycerides levels on the other hnd. At 20 nd 40 weeks, M0 showed low totl protein level s compred with those of M1 nd M2 (p<0.05). Regrding triglycerides levels, M1 hd the highest level if compred to M2 (p<0.05) nd M0 (p<0.01) t 20th week. At 40 weeks of ge, triglycerides concentrtion of M2 ws lower thn those of M0 (p<0.01) nd M1 (p<0.001). DISCUSSION According to Swennen et l. (2007), productivity depends on mcronutrient contents of feed, composition of diet nd feed intke s well s digestion nd sorption processes. In this study, lthough the three types of feed fit with lyers nutritionl requirements on the one hnd nd feed intkes were similr etween M0, M1 nd M2, egg production ws vriously influenced y Moring oleifer leves incorported in lyer msh t 0, 1 nd 2%. During lying period, group M1 produced more eggs nd hevier eggs thn the others. These performnces confirm the results of Kkengi et l. (2007) who showed tht sustitution of sunflower cke with 5% of Moring oleifer leves in lyer diet improves egg numer nd egg mss in opposite to 10 nd 20% sustitutions. These uthors ttriuted these results to the high content of Moring oleifer lef in mino cids without clrifying the cuses of low production oserved with high sustitution levels. So, esides mino cid contents, other fctors relted to the impiring effect on growth of feed contining 2% of Moring oleifer leves s shown y Teteh et l. (2013) could ply role in the oservtions on lying rte nd egg weight. Effects of ntinutritionl fctors re not oserved out glucose concentrtions confirming results of Teteh et l. (2010) who climed the strict regultion of crohydrtes metolism whtever the diet. Concerning shell rtio, it ppers tht ntinutritionl fctors such s phyttes nd oxltes, found in these leves hve less chelting effect on feed clcium s reported y Gupt et l. (1989) nd Foidl et l. (2001). As pointed out y Wright et l. (1990), up to 40 weeks, hens hve still the cpcity to move clcium from ones completing feed clcium intke for shell clcifiction. In opposite, triglycerides concentrtions otined t d 280, confirm the hypolipidemic effect of Moring oleifer s reported y Meht et l. (2003). According to Dong et l. (2007), Dei et l. (2007) nd Frncis et l. (2002), this hypolipidemic effect is due to the presence of sponins found in high mount in Moring leves (Gupt et l., 1989 nd Foidl et l., 2001). As climed y Teteh et l. (2013), sponins seem to e the most ctive ntinutritionl sustnce in 279

4 Tle 5: Blood prmeters concentrtion ccording to the group nd the ge Blood prmeters Glucose Totl protein Triglycerides Age (w) M0 M1 M2 M0 M1 M2 M0 M1 M ± ± ± ± ± ±3.20 c 97± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.30 c 397±2.50 Vlues re mens±sem. Within row nd ccording to lood prmeter, vlues shring the sme letter re not significntly different Fig. 1: Lying rte ccording to ge nd tretment. At ech ge, significnt differences re indicted y *(p<0.05) nd **(p<0.01) these leves. In spite of this chelting effect on development. The high reltive weight of oviduct of M1 triglycerides, those re min components of yolk, yolk could lso e relted to these oestrogen effects on rtio were similr up to 40 weeks of ge. This result cn tuulr glnds nd epithelil cellulr of mgnum e linked to yolk production process lsting for 8-10 mucos where lumen is produced. So, through dys. During this process, lipoproteins re trnsported oviduct development, sexul hormones could induce in y Lipoprotein Receptors 8 (LR8) from liver to ovry group M1 higher production of lumen which is where they re deposited in oocytes to form follicles. For responsile for their hevier egg weight. In opposite, the instnce, ny feeding prolem in lying hens tkes more lowest lying performnce of M2 could e relted to the time to ffect significntly yolk rtio s demonstrted y high level of Moring leves which might increse too Nu et l. (2010) nd Nys et l. (2011). The high level of much oestrogens level resulting in reproductive orgns triglycerides in M1 compred to M0 could e linked to development impiring. These results confirm the oestrogenic effects on lipid metolism s pointed out reports of Mus-Azr et l. (2014) who climed tht the y Aftergood nd Alfin-Slter (1965) nd Mndour et l. intke of some mount of oestrogenic sustnces in (1977). Titi et l. (2013), feeding femle rt with Moring Moring oleifer inhiits the secretion of LH nd FSH oleifer leves, demonstrted tht sterols contined in nd reduces, susequently, endogenous oestrogen nd these leves re used s precursor for oestrogens progesterone levels. The reduction of these sexul synthesis those stimulte gonds functioning. Hence, hormones levels my ply role in the low numer of hens of M1 might enefit from oestrogen effect resulting follicles nd the low weight of ovrin grpe nd oviduct in high numer of follicles round ovries. Our finding of M2. However, relying on studies of Nu et l. (2010) corroortes with results otined with rt fed with nd Nys et l. (2011) who showed tht the rpidity of egg Moring oleifer y Cjudy nd Pocsidio (2010) nd lumen production process (less thn 2 dys) mkes Zde et l. (2013) out spermtogenesis nd testes its synthesis very sensitive to ny nutritionl prolem, 280

5 possile effects of ntinutritionl fctors on M2 lumen Foidl, N., H.P.S. Mkkr nd K. Becker, The rtio. In contrry, the intense colourtion of yolk in M2 compred to M1 nd M0 my e due to the high content of diet 3 in xnthophyll tht escpes from the chelting effect of ntinutritionl sustnces especilly sponins. This xnthophyll effect is in line with Suri et l. (2001) potentil of Moring oleifer for griculturl nd industril uses, the mircle tree: The multi uses of Moring. Edition Lowell J. Fugile, CTA, Wgeningen, The Netherlnds, pp: Frncis, G., Z. Kerim, H.P.S. Mkkr nd K. Becker, who pointed out positive correltion etween intensity The iologicl ction of sponins in niml system: of yolk colour nd xnthophyll content of diet. Study of review. Br. J. Nutr., 88: Glort et l. (2004) showed tht sponins, in opposite Gdziryi, C.T., B. Mssm, J.F. Mupngw nd S. to their chelting effect on mcronutrients, improve Wshy, Performnce of roiler chickens xnthophyll sorption through intestinl mucos. fed on mture Moring oleifer lef mel s protein supplement to soyen mel. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 11: Conclusion: In conclusion, Moring oleifer leves incorported t 1% in lyer diet my increse Glort, J., R. Sl, X. Rincon-Crruyo, E.G. Mnznill, oestrogens level nd triglycerides serum concentrtion for improving lying rte nd egg weight while 2% B. Vil nd J. Gs, Egg yolk color s ffected incorportion reduces egg production nd strengthens y sponifiction of different nturl pigmenting yolk colour intensity. sources. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 13: Gupt, K.B., G.K. Brt, D.S. Wgle nd H.K.L. Chwl, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study ws supported y World Bnk grnt IDA The first uthor is grteful to Vlms Interuniversitire Rd (VLIR) (ZEIN 2006 PR 32) for fcilities during his thesis preprtion Nutrient contents nd ntinutritionl fctors in conventionl nd non-conventionl lefy vegetles. Food Chem., 31: Houndonougo, M.F., C.A.A.M. Chrysostome nd V.P. Houdonougo, Performnces de ponte et qulité des œufs des poules pondeuses Is Brown REFERENCES Aftergood, L. nd R.B. Alfin-Slter, Dietry nd gondl hormone effects on lipid metolism in the rt. J. Lipid Res., 6: Aktr, M.S., Z. Nzirnd A.R. Aid, Effect of feeding powdered Nigell stiv L. seeds on poultry egg limentées vec des rtions se de feuilles séchées de mnioc (Mnihotesculent, Crntz). Int. J. Biolog. nd Chem. Sci., 6: Kkengi, A.M.V., J.T. Kijge, S.V. Srwtt, S.K. Mutyo, M.N. Shem nd T. Fujihr, Effect of Moring oleifer lef mel s sustitute for production nd their suitility for humn sunflower seed mel on performnce of lying consumption. Vet. Archiv., 73: Bnjo, O.S., Growth nd performnce s ffected hens in Tnzni. Livestock Reserch for Rurl Development, 19: 12. y inclusion of Moring oleifer lef mel in roiler Mndour, T., A.H. Kiszseh nd V. Wynn, chicks diet. J. Biol. Agric. nd Helthcre, 2: Mechnism of estrogen nd progesterone effects Cjudy, L.A. nd G.L. Pocsidio, Effects of Moring on lipid nd crohydrte metolism: ltertion of oleifer Lm (Moringcee) on the reproduction of insulin: glucgon molr rtio nd heptic enzyme mle mice (Mus musculus). J. Medicinl Plnts ctivity. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 7: Res., 4: Meht, L.K., R. Blrmn, A.H. Amin, P.A. Bfn nd D Mello, J.P.F. nd T. Acmovic, Leucen O.D. Gulti, Effect of fruit of Moring oleifer Leucocephl in poultry nutrition review. Anim. on lipid profile of norml nd hypercholesterolemic Feed Sci. nd Technol., 26: rits. J. Ethnophrmcol., 86: Dei, H.K., S.P. Rose nd A.M. Mckenzie, She nut Mus-Azr, S.I., M. Jirin, D.I. Hssn nd A. Ykuu, (Vitellriprdox) mel s feed ingredient for Effects of orl dministrtion of Moring poultry. World s Poult. Sci. J., 63: Dong, X.F., W.W. Go, J.M. Tong, H.Q. Ji, R.N. S nd oleifer seed on lood chemistry nd reproductive Q. Zng, Effect of Polysvone (Alflf Extrct) performnce of femle rits. Int. J. Agric. Sci. nd on dominl ft deposition nd immunity in roiler Vet. Med., 2: chickens. Poult. Sci., 86: Nu, F., C. Guerin-Duird, F. Bron nd J. Thpon, FAO, Proteins sources for the niml feed Sciences et technologie de l œuf. Edition. industry. FAO Animl production nd helth proceedings. Expert consulttion nd workshop Bngkok 29 April-3 My TEC et DOC Lvoisier, Pris, Vol. 1: 350 pges. Nys, Y., M. Bin nd F. VnImmerseel, Improving the sfety nd qulity of eggs nd egg products. Frhd, A. nd R.A. Frid, Fctors ffecting Volume 1: Egg chemistry, production nd qulity nd quntity of egg production in lying hens: A Review. World Appl. Sci. J., 12: consumption Woodhed Pulishing Series in: Food Sci. Technol. Nutr., pp:

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