Egg and Sperm Quality of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) Broodstock Fed Differently Heated Soybean-based Diets

Transcription

1 Reserh Journl of Agriulture nd Biologil Sienes 1(1): 17-22, , INSInet Pulition Egg nd Sperm Qulity of the Afrin tfish, Clris griepinus (Burhell) Broodstok Fed Differently Heted Soyen-sed Diets A.A. Adewumi, V.F. Olleye nd E.A. Adesulu Deprtment of Zoology, Ofemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeri. Astrt: The effets of feeding Clris griepinus roodstok with differently heted soyen-sed diets on the egg nd sperm qulity ws investigted. Four hundred nd eighty mle nd femle C. griepinus ( ± 10g for femles nd ± 5g for mles) were distriuted in groups into hp nets. Iso-nitrogenous (31% -1 rude protein) nd iso-lori diets (3.34kl g ) prepred from rw soyen (D0) nd soyen utolved for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 nd 30 minutes leled D0, D5, D10 D15, D20, D25 nd D30, were fed to the fish for 84 dys. The fishmel-sed diet (DFM) served s ontrol. The roodfish fed the fishmel-sed diet nd diet D25 hd signifintly higher (p<0.05) ooyte dimeter, milt density, milt volume, sperm motility nd higher perentge of egg fertiliztion nd hthing thn the fish fed the other diets. The eggs of the speimens fed the ontrol diet nd diet D25 lso hd signifintly higher (p<0.05) rude protein nd lipid ontents thn those of the fish fed the other diets while the sh ontent ws not signifintly different (p>0.05). This study showed tht diet D25 ws found to e the est sustitute for fishmel tht provided dequte nutrients required for the formtion of virile genitl produts. Key words: Clris griepinus, soyen, milt, sperm, ooytes, fertiliztion, hthing INTRODUCTION to suessful spwning nd good growth nd helth of the progeny. Studies hve shown tht the depletion of The ulture of the Afrin tfish, Clris griepinus minerls, omission of vitmins nd size of rtion ffet the in Nigeri is edeviled y the prolem of high mortlity in [2] viility of eggs in fish. Inresed dietry protein the young stges nd the resulting prolem of seed ontent lso resulted in inresed ovrin size nd gond srity. Unlike some other fish speies, Clris weight in the [3] guppy, Poeili retiulte. For griepinus does not show ny prentl re, nd under dequte onsidertion of the effets of nutrition on pond onditions, the fry eome nnilisti. In ddition, sperm nd egg qulity of C. griepinus, the riteri there is predtion y frogs nd other quti nimls in onsidered re the ooyte dimeter, hemil omposition ponds hene the need for indued spwning. To ensure of eggs, milt volume, milt density, sperm motility, nd high fry survivl nd reprodutive suess there is need perentge egg fertiliztion nd hthing. to improve the sperm nd egg qulity through improved Fishmel, mjor protein soure in quulture feed roodstok nutrition. prodution is sre nd expensive, prtiulrly in tropil Little reserh hs een done on sperm physiology Afri. The urrent fous of nutrition work is to redue nd its intertion with the eggs in fertiliztion espeilly protein osts y replement or supplementtion of in tropil fish speies. The qulity of sperm is highly fishmel with lterntive heper protein soure. In vrile nd depends on vrious externl ftors suh s Nigeri, soyen is the most predominnt nd redily feeding regime, the qulity of the feed nd the rering ville plnt protein soure ville for the [1] temperture of the fish. Sperm qulity is determined y replement or supplementtion of fishmel in the sperm motility nd fertiliztion potentil. Egg qulity, quulture. The suitility of soyen in feed defined s those hrteristis of the egg whih mnufture ws ttriuted to its mino id profile nd determine its pity to survive, is signifint prolem [4] high digestiility. Despite these dvntges however, for mny speies of frmed fish nd n e mnipulted soyen hs defiienies of some essentil mino ids through good roodstok nutrition. Knowledge of the nd ontins severl nti-metolites, the most ommon effets of roodstok nutrition on egg prodution nd of whih re the trypsin inhiitors. High tivity of qulity is importnt euse good roodfish feeding leds protese inhiitors in rw or indequtely heted soyen Corresponding uthor: A.A. Adewumi, Deprtment of Zoology, Ofemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeri. 17

2 Res. J. Agri. & Biol. Si. 1(1): 17-22, 2005 mels dversely ffets growth nd reprodutive wter, lening of hps, rtion djustment nd lengthperformne of fish. Het tretment redues the level of [5] weight mesurements were done every two weeks. the nti-nutritionl ftors. It is therefore pertinent to know how to dequtely het-proess soyen to Breeding: At the end of the feeding tril, five pirs of formulte diet for C. griepinus roodstok. The ultimte mtured mle nd femle C. griepinus were red y im of suh exerise is to improve egg, sperm nd lrvl hypophystion using OVAPRIM (0.02mg slmon qulity nd ensure reprodutive suess. gondotropin-relesing hormone-sgnrh + 10mg domperidone-dom) in the hthery. Spwning sustrtes MATERIALS AND METHODS mde from ut nylon mosquito nets were spred inside the hthing troughs previously filled with properly erted Feed formultion nd nlysis: Portions of full-ftted, len wter to depth of 10m for the purpose of dried soyen seeds (SAMSOY 2, TGX D) were inution. Fertilized eggs otined y mixing stipped roken into smll grnules y the mill, winnowed nd then eggs nd spermtozo from Ovprim-indued roodfish utolved t 116 C (pressure 1.2 kg/m or 16.5 l/in ) for were immeditely spred thinly on the sustrte for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 minutes respetively. A portion of etween hours for inution nd hthing. the soyen seeds ws left un-utolved. The differently The fry, wened on rtemi for 10 dys, were utolved soyen portions n un-utolved portion susequently fed d liitum three times dily with milled were sun-dried nd milled seprtely to e used long dry prwns (Prpeneopsis tlnti) irrespetive of with Herring fishmel, yellow mize nd rewery wstes to the dditionl nturl plnktoni popultion ville to ompound seven iso-nitrogenous (31%) nd iso-lori the fry. -1 (33.4 Kl kg ) diets mrked D0, D5, D10, D15, D20, D25, D30 (Tle 1) to orrespond to soyen proessing Dt olletion nd nlysis: At the end of the feeding durtion. Herring fishmel ws used s the sole protein trils, five femles rndomly seleted per dietry tretment soure for the ontrol diet (DFM). The feedstuffs were were weighed, killed nd disseted to remove the ovries. properly mixed together nd extruded through 8mm die The ovries were slit open nd 10 fresh eggs were using Hort A-200T mixer. The resulting pellets, whih rndomly seleted for egg dimeter (mm) mesurement. were ir-dried, were kept in leled polythene gs nd For the per-shped eggs, the men dimeter of the long stored in deep freezer t 10 C until feeding tril [8] nd short xes ws tken s the dimeter of the ooyte. ommened. The proximte omposition of the feedstuffs, The remining eggs were oven-dried nd sujeted to diets nd the eggs of the fish, ws determined ording proximte nlysis. [6] to AOAC to onfirm the intended omputtionl vlues. Dt on egg dimeter in onjuntion with the The gross energy ws determined y oxygen om proximte omposition of the eggs were used to ssess [7] lorimetry. egg qulity. Five mle fish, rndomly seleted from eh hp, were killed nd the testes were removed. Smll The Feeding trils: A yer old, dult mle nd femle inisions were mde into the loes of the testes, C. griepinus fish (182 ± 10g for femles nd ± 5g the milt ws squeezed out into petri dish nd the for mles) were otined from fish frm in Osun Stte of volume of the milt ws mesured in (ml) with plsti Nigeri. They were kept together in retngulr, ot-like syringe. A drop of distilled wter ws quikly dded to hps (4mx3mx1m) mde from fine mesh nylon mosquito drop of the milt (tivtion) on len slide nd the sperm nets. The nets were pled in onrete tnks [1] motility ws oserved under mirosope (x10). The (6mx5mx1.5m) lredy filled with untreted wter t the presene or sene of spermtozo motility ws Aquulture Development Centre of the Ofemi then expressed s present (1) or sent (0). The Awolowo University, Ile-Ife for two weeks limtiztion. density of the spermtozo ws rted on sle of 1, 2 Thirty helthy nd mtured speimens of the fish nd 3 (representing low, medium nd high density) (sex rtio 1:1) ll of firly equl sizes were distriuted into respetively. eh of sixteen leled fine-meshed nylon hps The perentge numer of eggs stripped from eh designted for the feeding trils t stoking density of fish, the perentge numer of egg fertilized s well s the 2 3 fish per m. The fish whih were stoked in duplites perentge numer of egg hthed were omputed for eh dietry tretment were then fed the llotted [8] ording to the method desried y Ayinl : experimentl diets t 3% of their ody weight lulted on dry mtter sis twie dy etween m () Numer of eggs stripped (inuted) = Weight (g) of nd p.m for period of 84 dys. Renewl of fish efore stripping - wt (g) of fish fter stripping x

3 Res. J. Agri. & Biol. Si. 1(1): 17-22, 2005 () % Egg fertilized = RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Numer of eggs inuted - numer of opque eggs x 100 The men volume of milt olleted from the testes of Totl numer of eggs inuted the mle roodfish fed diets DFM nd D25 (0.62ml, 0.55ml) ws signifintly higher (p<0.05) thn wht ws otined () %Egg Hthing = from the testes of the fish fed the other diets (Tle 2). There ws strong reltionship etween the milt volume Numer of whitish roken eggs x 100 nd the perentge fertiliztion of the eggs of the fish fed Numer of eggs fertilized the ontrol diet nd D25 respetively (R^2 = 0.974, R^2 = 0.722). Under the mirosope, the sperm ould Dt generted were sujeted to non-prmetri esily e seen sometimes in high density nd sometimes t-test (Mnn-Whitney U-Wiloxon Rnk Sum W-test) for sntily.the motility of the spermtozo in the testes of omprison of mens within tretments while the Tukey- the mle fish fed DFM, D20 nd D25 ws higher ut not HSD one-wy ANOVA ws used for etween tretments signifintly different (p>0.05) from those of the other [9] omprison t the 5% level of signifine. diets. Tle 1: Experimentl diet formultions (g/100g), the proximte omposition nd the gross energy ontent of the experimentl diets. Feedstuffs DFM (Control) D0 D5 D10 D15 D20 D25 D30 Soyen Fishmel Brewery wstes Yellow Mize Vitmin premix Vegetle oil Totl Proximte omposition Crude protein Moisture Lipid Ash Crude fire NFE Totl ME (Kl/g) Vitmin premix - A Pfizer livestok produt ontining the following per kg of feed: Vit. A, i.u; Vit. D3, i.u; Vit.E, mg; Vit. K3; 1 200mg; Vit.B1, 1 000mg; Vit. B2, 1 500mg; Vit. B6, 1 500mg; Niin, mg; Pnthotheni d, 3 500; Biotin 15mg; Vit. B12, 10mg; Foli id, 200mg; Chlorine hloride, mg; Mngnese, mg; Iron, mg; Zin, ; Copper, 800mg; Iodine, 400mg; olt, 80mg; Selenium 40mg; ntioxidnt, mg. NFE = Nitrogen-free Extrt = 100 (Crude protein + Crude fire + Lipid ontent + Moisture ontent + Ash) ME = Metolizle energy It ws lso oserved tht motility inresed with volume of milt nd the spermtozo were tive for only seonds. The milt olleted from the roodfish fed DFM, D20 nd D25 ws signifintly denser (p>0.05) thn the milt olleted from the fish fed the other diets. The fish fed the DFM, D20 nd D25 diets hd signifintly different (p<0.05) ooyte dimeter thn those of the fish fed the other diets (Tle 2). Signifintly higher (p<0.05) egg fertiliztion nd hthing ws reorded for the fish fed diets DFM, D25 thn for the fish fed the other diets (Figure 1). The results showed tht s the durtion of heting of the soyen omponent of the diet inresed, the perentge egg fertiliztion nd hthing nd survivl of progeny inresed exept when the fish were fed diet SB30 where shrp derese ws reorded for ll the prmeters. In ll the tretments, there ws n inrese in the rude protein ontent, lipid ontent of the ooytes fter feeding (Tle 3). The oooytes of the speimens fed diets DFM nd D25 hd signifintly higher (p<0.05) rude protein ontent nd lipid ontent thn the ooytes of the speimens fed the other diets. Contrrily, the ooytes reorded signifintly lower (p>0.05) moisture ontent respetively. The ooyte sh ontent of the fish fed the fishmel-sed diet (DFM) ws not signifintly different (p>0.05) from those of the soyen-sed diets. The oservtion tht sperm motility inresed with volume of milt nd the strong reltionship etween milt volume nd perentge egg fertiliztion nd hthing 19

4 Res. J. Agri. & Biol. Si. 1(1): 17-22, Tle 2: Quntity of milt produed (ml fish ), estimtes of the sperm motility, men milt density nd ooyte dimeter of C. griepinus fed the different experimentl diets. Diet Men milt volume Men milt density Men sperm motility Men ooyte dimeter (mm) DFM ± 0.50 D ± 0.41 D ± 0.43 D ± 0.41 D ± 0.27 D ± 0.13 D ± 0.22 D ± 0.24 Vlues with the sme supersript in eh olumn re not signifintly different from eh other (p>0.05) Tle 3: The proximte omposition (% dry mtter ontent) of the ooytes of C. griepinus fed the different experimentl diets Moisture Crude Protein Lipid Ash Pre-ultured fish d DFM D D D D D D D Vlues with the sme supersript in eh olumn re not signifintly different from eh other (P>0.05) Perentges % Egg fertilized % Egg hthed 0 FM D0 D5 D10 D15 D20 D25 D30 Diet Fig. 1: Perentges of fertilized eggs, hthed eggs nd survivl of the progeny of C. griepinus fed the different diets. [10] in C. griepinus gree with the findings of Lmi. Vn The signifintly higher (p<0.05) egg sizes, higher [11] [10] de Wl nd Polling nd Lmi lso oserved tht perentge fertiliztion nd hthing oserved in the fish spermtozo of C. griepinus were tive or motile for [13] fed the DFM nd D25 diets grees with Cerd et l only 30 seonds. who reported tht se ss roodstok fed with Motility of the spermtozons is the most ommonly ommeril trout diets hd smller eggs nd produed used inditor of sperm qulity sine high motility lower hthing rtes nd lrvl survivls thn the ontrol [14] is prerequisite for fertiliztion nd orreltes fish whih were fed on trsh fish. Rihter et l nd Sule [1 12] [15] strongly with fertiliztion suess ;. Aording to nd Adikwu lso reported tht speies of the genus these uthors, the fertilizing pity is the most Clris with lrger eggs lso hve higher viility nd onlusive test of sperm qulity. However, fertilizing endurne to strvtion thn those with smller eggs nd pity integrtes n independent ftor, tht is, the tht lrger femle tfish produe lrger eggs. qulity of eggs. The intertions etween gmetes nd Some uthors however opined tht egg dimeter is etween seminl nd ovrin fluids lso hve their own [16] not good inditor of egg nd lrvl qulity. In this impts on fertiliztion. experiment, the high ovrin rude protein nd lipid 20

5 Res. J. Agri. & Biol. Si. 1(1): 17-22, 2005 reorded for the fish fed the ontrol diet nd diet D25 6. AOAC (Assoition of Offiil Anlytil Chemists), oupled with the fvourle size of eggs ould e th Offiil methods of Anlysis. 14 Edition. (ed. responsile for the good performne of the eggs. The S. Willims), Arlington, V.A. 1102pp. J. Appl. Aqu., viility of eggs is refletion of the hemil 14(1/2). omposition of the yolk. Protein nd lipids re the mjor 7. Akermnn, T., L. Roert, nd L. Bouh, omponents stored in egg yolk nd ply mjor role in Biohemil Mirolorimetry (ed.: Brown, H.D.), reprodution. The totl lipid ontent of the eggs hs lso Ademi Press, New York. een orrelted with egg nd lrvl viility following 8. Ayinl O.A., Nutritive nd Reprodutive [17] ltertions in spwning time. In this experiment, the Performne of Clris griepinus (Burhell 1822). progeny of the roodstoks fed on the DFM nd D25 Unpulished Ph. D Thesis, University of Idn, diets survived etter (p<0.05) thn the ones pled on Nigeri. 433p. [18] other diets. Sine most of the losses in hthery re 9. Dunn, D.B., Multiple rnge nd multiple reorded t the ritil trnsitionl period of moving from F-test. Biometris, 11:1-42. [19] endogenous feeding to exogenous feeding, ny effort 10. Lmi, S.L., Suessful hndstripping of mde to improve the qulity of the sperm nd egg will hthery-red nd rered mle Afrin tfish, surely equip the fry for survivl. Clris griepinus (Burhell 1822). Proeedings of The poor egg nd milt qulity performne of the fish th the 13 Annul Conferene of the Fisheries Soiety fed diets ontining either rw, under-heted or of Nigeri, New Buss, 1996, (ed.: Eyo, A.A.) pp159- overheted soyen orroortes the findings of 162. [20; 21] numer of uthors, tht improperly heted soyen 11. Vn de Wl, B.C.W nd L. Polling, Suessful is detrimentl to fish. hndstripping of mle C. griepinus. Wter, S.A. p Rurngw, E., D.E. Kime, F. Ollivier nd J.P. Nsh, AKNOWLEDGEMENTS The mesurement of sperm motility nd ftors ffeting sperm qulity in ultured fish. The uthors re grteful to Ekiti Stte Ministry of Aqu., 4(1-4): Agriulture nd Nturl Resoures, Fisheries Division, 13. Cerd, J., J. Perez, M. Crrillo, S. Znuy nd R. Ado-Ekiti, Nigeri nd Ofemi Awolowo University Serrno, Effeto de l diet sore l lidd de Reserh Counil, Nigeri for the finnil support l puest en reprodutores de luin (Dientrhus grnted for this study. lrx L.) Ats III Congress Nionle Auiultur, REFERENCES 14. Rihter, C.J.J., E.H. Edding, J.J. Verreth nd W.L.G. 1. Billrd, R., J. Cosson, L.W. Crim nd M. Suquet, Fleuren, Afrin Ctfish (C. griepinus). In: Broodstok Mngement nd Egg nd Lrvl Sperm physiology nd qulity. In: Broodstok Qulity, (eds: Bromge, N. nd J. Roerts), Blkwell Mngement nd Egg nd Lrvl Qulity, (eds: Siene, Osmed, Oxford. 424p. Bromge, N. nd J. Roerts), Blkwell S. Ltd, 15. Sule O.D, nd I.A. Adikwu, Effet of Osney Med, Oxford, Pp roodstok size on egg nd lrvl size nd survivl 2. Tkeuhi, T., T. Wtne, C. Ogino, M. Sito, M. Nishimur nd T. Nose, Effets of low proteinhigh lorie diets nd deletion of tre elements from of lrve of the Afrin tfish, Clris griepinus under lortory onditions. J. Aquti Si. 19 (1) 1-4. fishmel diet on reprodution of rinow trout. Bull. 16. Crillo, M., S. Snuy, F. Prt, J. Cerd, J. Rmos, E. Jp. So. for Si. nd Fish., 47: Mnnos nd N. Bromge, Se Bss 3. Dhlgren, B.T., The effets of three different (Dientrhus lrx L). In: Broodstok Mngement nd Egg nd Lrvl Qulity, (eds: protein levels on the feundity in the guppy, Bromge, N. nd J. Roerts), Blkwell Siene, Poeili retiulte (Peters). J. Fish Biol, 15: Osmed, Oxford. 424p. 4. Lim, C. nd D.M. Akiym, Full-ft soyen 17. Devuhelle, N., G. Brihon, F. Lmour nd G. mel utiliztion y fish. Asin Fish. Si. 5: Stephn, Biohemil omposition of ovules 5. Adewumi A.A., The effets of the heting time nd feund eggs of se ss (Dientrhus lrx), of soyen for roodstok nutrition on the sole (Sole vulgris) nd turot (Sophthlmus reprodutive performne of C. griepinus mximus). Proeedings of the Interntionl (Burhell 1822). Unpulished Ph.D Thesis, Ofemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeri. 162p. Symposium on the Reprodutive Physiology of Fish. p

6 Res. J. Agri. & Biol. Si. 1(1): 17-22, Adewumi A.A., V.O. Olleye, E.A. Akintunde 20. Khlif, F., V. Belleville, J. Srd nd J. Prost, (unpulished dt). Evlution of differently Short term effets of feeding rw or heted soy flour heted soyen mels on the growth nd nutrient nd sein mels on lipid intestinl digestion nd utiliztion of the Afrin tfish Clris griepinus sorption in rt. J. Nutr. Biohem., 3: (Burhell). 21. Peres, H., C. Lim nd P.H. Klesus, Nutritionl 19. Dvy, F.B. nd A. Chouinrd, Indued vlue of het-treted soyen mel for hnnel Breeding in S.E. Asi. The Interntionl Development tfish (Itlurus punttus). Aqu., 225 Reserh Centre. Ottw, Cnd. Pp (1-4):