Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 25, No. 8 : August

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1 1159 Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 25, No. 8 : August Growth Performnce, Met Yield, Oxidtive Stility, nd Ftty Acid Composition of Met from Broilers Fed Diets Supplemented with Medicinl Plnt nd Proiotics Md. Elis Hossin, Gwi Mn Kim, Sung Ki Lee 1 nd Chul Ju Yng* Deprtment of Animl Science nd Technology, Sunchon Ntionl University, Suncheon, Jeonnm , Kore ABSTRACT: The experiment ws crried out to investigte the effects of Alism cnlicultum with proiotics (ACP) on the growth performnce, met composition, oxidtive stility, nd ftty cid composition of roiler met. Sixteen proiotic strins were tested for their levels of cid, ile, nd het tolernce. Among them, Lctocillus cidophilus KCTC 3111, Enterococcus fecium KCTC 2022, Bcillus sutilis KCTC 3239, nd Scchromyces cerevisie KCTC 7928 were selected for use in ACP. Exctly 140 Ross roiler chicks were ssigned to four dietry tretments in five replictions for 5 wks in completely rndomized design. The dietry tretments were NC (Negtive control; sl diet), PC (Positive control; sl diet with 0.005% Chlortetrcycline), ACP-0.5% (sl diet with 0.5% ACP powder), nd ACP-1% (sl diet with 1% ACP powder). According to the results, ody weight of the roilers incresed, nd feed conversion rtio improved in the ACP-0.5% group compred to the NC group (p<0.05). Crude protein content of rest met ws higher (p<0.05) in the ACP-0.5% group, wheres crude ft content of thigh met ws lower (p<0.05) in the supplemented groups. Brest met solute nd reltive weights were oth higher (p<0.05) in the ACP groups compred to the control group. Further, ACP diets incresed gizzrd nd decresed lrge intestine reltive weights, wheres kidney reltive weight decresed upon the ddition of higher level (1%) of ACP (p<0.05). Thiorituric cid rective sustnces vlues of rest nd thigh mets were reduced (p<0.05) y ACP supplementtion compred to control. Regrding the ftty cid composition of rest met, rchidonic cid, docoshexenoic cid, PUFA, nd n6 ftty cid levels decresed (p<0.05) in the ACP groups, wheres the levels of linoleic cid, PUFA, PUFA/SFA, nd n6 ftty cid in thigh met decresed (p<0.05) y ACP nd PC diets. It cn e suggested sed on the study results tht ACP-0.5% diet could e n effective feed dditive for roilers. (Key Words: Alism cnlicultum, Proiotics, Growth, Met, Broiler) INTRODUCTION Alism cnlicultum A. Br. et Bouche (AC), memer of the plnt fmily Alismtcee, is n her commonly used in trditionl Koren medicine. Alism is clled wter plntin, or teks in Kore. Ever since the n on dding ntiiotics to niml feed, producers hve sought lterntive nturl feedstuffs to meet the industry demnds. Alism hs diuretic (Kng et l., 2006), heptoprotective (Hong et l., 2006), ntitumor (Hung et l., 2006), nd nticteril effects on Escherichi coli (Mikmo et l., 1998). Rhizom Alismtis, which is dried tuer of AC, is the min medicinl prt of the plnt. Previous studies hve shown tht this prt contins protostne triterpenes (Mtsud et l., 1999; Peng * Corresponding Author: Chul Ju Yng. Tel: , Fx: , E-mil: yngcj@scnu.kr 1 Suncheon Gwngyng Livestock Co-opertive, Yeonhyngdong, Suncheon, Jeonnm, Kore. Sumitted Fe. 17, 2012; Accepted My 2, 2012; Revised My 9, 2012 et l., 2002) such s lisol A, B, C, nd its monocettes, guine sesquiterpenes (Yoshikw et l., 1994; Peng et l., 2003) such s lismols A, B, nd C, nd kurne diterpenes (Nkjim et l., 1994; Peng nd Lou, 2002). The utnol frction of AC hs een shown to reduce the levels of lood glucose, plsm triglycerides, free ftty cids, nd cholesterol in streptozotocin-induced dietic rts (Kim, 2003). In ddition, the utnol frction of AC ws found to reduce peroxidtive liver dmge in streptozotocin-induced dietic rts (Choi, 2004). Antioxidnt nd ntidietic ctivities of AC were lso oserved in rts (Choe, 2008). Protostne-type triterpenoids hve een shown to inhiit the effects of type I-IV llergies in experimentl models (Kuo et l., 1997), lock nitric oxide production (Mtsud et l., 1999), nd disply nticomplementry ctivities (Lee et l., 2003). Further, methnol extrct of A. orientle rhizome hs een shown to enhnce the ctivities of heptic ntioxidnt enzymes such s epoxide hydrolse nd glutthione S-trnsferse in

2 1160 Hossin et l. (2012) Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25: romoenzene-treted rts (Hur et l., 2007). Proiotics consist of vrious types of microorgnisms tht improve gut microflor nd ffect oth the locl nd systemic immune systems y secreting eneficil enzymes, orgnic cids, vitmins, nd nontoxic nticteril sustnces upon ingestion (Jun et l., 2002). Microil species tht hve een used s proiotics include species of Bcillus, Bifidocterium, Enterococcus, E. coli, Lctocillus, Lctococcus, Streptococcus, vriety of yest species, nd undefined mixed cultures (Simon et l., 2001). These groups differ from ech other in their properties, origin, nd mode of ction. The dvntges of proiotics include improved generl helth, feed conversion rtios, nd growth rtes, s well s incresed disese resistnce, milk yield, nd egg production (Fuller, 1992; Ahmd, 2006; Guerr et l., 2007; Mountzouris et l., 2007). Previous investigtions into the modes of ction of phytoiotic sustnces nd proiotic strins hve demonstrted the possiility of synergism etween these clsses of compounds nd niml performnce. Kim et l. (2007) suggested tht plnt extrcts nd Lctocillus spp. could e used s lterntives to ntiiotic growth promoters for improvement of the growth performnce of roiler chicks. Srker et l. (2010) reported tht fermented green te improves weight gin nd hs no negtive effect on the lood profile of post wening Hnwoo clves. Kim et l. (2010) studied medicinl plnts with proiotics nd concluded tht A. cnlicultum, Viscum lum, nd Cornus officinlis with proiotics could e used s replcements for ntiiotics to increse the growth performnce nd immune response of growing pigs. In roiler experiment, Hossin et l. (2011) noted tht A. cnlicultum proiotics exhiit high tolernce to cid, ile, nd het, inhiit E. coli prolifertion, nd hve no dverse effects on roiler performnce. Bsed on these oservtions, this experiment ws designed to evlute the effects of A. cnlicultum with proiotic strins (ACP) on the growth performnce, crcss composition, met yield, ftty cid composition, nd oxidtive stility of roiler met. MATERIALS AND METHODS Selection of microil strins nd preprtion of plnt proiotics Microil strins selection: A totl of 16 strins, including Lctocillus cidophilus, L. plntrum, Enterococcus fecium, Bcillus sutilis, B. cogulns, nd Scchromyces cerevisie were used s cndidte proiotic strins. These microes re prt of the Koren Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC) nd were otined from the Kore Reserch Institute of Bioscience nd Biotechnology. The culture medi for the experimentl strins were de Mn, Rogos, nd Shrpe (MRS) medium (Difco, Detroit, MI, USA) for Lctocillus spp., nutrient roth (NB) medium (Difco) for Bcillus spp., nd yest nd mold (YM) medium (Difco) for yest. To test the cid tolernce levels of the strins, simulted gstric juice ws mde ccording to slightly ltered method of Koyshi et l. (1974). Experimentl strins were injected into sterilized roth medi (50 ml) nd then cultivted t 37 C for 48 h. Ech strin (1 ml) ws inoculted into simulted gstric juice consisting of NB medium contining 1,000 U of pepsin/ml djusted to ph 3 using 1 N HCl (50 ml) nd lso into sterilized NB medium djusted to ph 7 (50 ml) s control. Lctocillus spp. nd Bcillus spp. were incuted t 37 C nd yest t 30 C for 3 h. Seril deciml dilutions in MRS gr medium for Lctocillus spp., NB medium for Bcillus spp., nd YM gr medium for yest were prepred, fter which liquots (1 ml) from the dilutions were spotted onto MRS, NB, or YM gr pltes for the purpose of determining the numer of surviving cells. Ech determintion ws done in triplicte. Bile tolernce ws mesured ccording to slightly ltered method of Prk (1999). Briefly, 1 ml of inocultion liquid of ech strin ws injected into sterilized NB medium with 0.3% hog ile cid or NB medium without hog ile cid s control. To count cells displying ile cid tolernce, the sme methods s those used to mesure cid tolernce. Only those experimentl strins confirmed to possess strong cid nd ile tolernce in the initil tests were selected for het tolernce testing. Het tolernce ws tested ccording to slightly ltered method of You et l. (2005). Lctocillus spp. nd Bcillus spp. were treted with het t 80 C for 15 min, wheres yest ws treted t 70 C for 5 min. Hettolernt cells were counted y following the sme method used for the cid tolernce test. Production of ACP: Strins selected ccording to their cid, ile, nd het tolernce were used for the preprtion of ACP. Deftted rice rn nd whet rn, which re typiclly used in industry, were used s fermented solid medi (Lee, 2006). The ACP ws produced s follows: L. cidophilus KCTC 3111 nd E. fecium KCTC 2022 were dded to medi contining 20% AC dried rhizome powder, 60% deftted rice rn, nd 20% whet rn. The cultures were then fermented using commercil fermenter (W- 1000; Wonlhyo Industry Co., Icheon, South Kore) t 40 C for 2 d with repeting cycles of 5 h of stnding nd 3 h of shking. A second inocultion with B. sutilis KCTC 3239 nd S. cerevisie KCTC 7928 ws performed, nd the fermenttion process ws continued for 3 d. The numer of cells in ACP ws lso mesured. The ACP (1 g) ws diluted with sterilized distilled wter (10 ml) t room temperture for pproximtely 10 min, fter which 1 ml ws serilly diluted 10-fold in 0.85% NCl solution, cultured, nd the

3 Hossin et l. (2012) Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25: numer of colonies counted. All proximte components were determined y the method of AOAC (2000). The numer of microorgnisms nd chemicl composition of ACP re shown in Tle 1. Mesurements nd nlyses Experimentl design, irds, nd diets: The experimentl procedures used in this study were crried out under the guidelines of the niml policy of Sunchon Ntionl University, South Kore. A totl of 140-d-old stright-run Ross roiler chicks were housed in close, ventilted cged-roiler house in which they were rised for 24 h of dily light. The chicks ssigned to four dietry tretments in five replictions with seven irds per repliction for period of 35 d, following completely rndomized design. The dietry tretment groups were NC (Negtive control; sl diet), PC (Positive control; sl diet with 0.005% Chlortetrcycline), ACP-0.5% (sl diet with 0.5% ACP powder), nd ACP-1% (sl diet with 1% ACP powder). Chlortetrcycline (0.005%) ws dded to the sl diets t the expense of corn, wheres ACP (0.5% or 1%) ws dded to the sl diets y eqully replcing corn nd soyen mel. All irds received strter diet from 0 to 3 wks nd finisher diet from 4 to 5 wks. All diets were formulted to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of roiler chickens (Ntionl Reserch Council, 1994; Ross Broiler Nutrition Supplement, 2009). The ingredients composition nd estimted nutrient contents of the sl diets re shown in Tle 2. Growth performnce, met composition, internl orgn development, nd met yield: Body weights were mesured on weekly sis from the initil dy to the finl dy of the experiment. Feed intke ws determined y mesuring feed residue on weekly sis from the eginning of the experiment. Feed conversion rtio (FCR) ws otined y Tle 1. The numer of microil strins in ACP nd chemicl compositions of AC nd ACP Microil strins in ACP Microes numer (cfu/g) Lctocillus cidophilus KCTC Enterococcus fecium KCTC Bcillus sutilis KCTC Scchromyces cerevisie KCTC Chemicl composition (% dry mtter) AC ACP Moisture Crude protein Crude ft Crude fier Crude sh AC = Alism cnlicultum; ACP = Alism cnlicultum with proiotics. Tle 2. Feed ingredients nd chemicl compositions of the roiler sl diets Ingredients (%) Strter (0 to 3 wk) Finisher (4 to 5 wk) Corn grin Soyen mel Corn gluten Soyen oil Animl fts Slt Diclcium phosphte Limestone Vitmin-minerl premix Choline L-lysine Methionine Clculted composition (% dry mtter) Crude protein Crude ft Crude sh Crude fier Methionine Clcium Aville phosphorus ME (kcl/kg) 3,110 3,175 1 Provided the following nutrients per kg of diet: vitmin A, 6,000 IU; vitmin D 3, 800 IU; vitmin E, 20 IU; vitmin K 3, 2 mg; thimin, 2 mg; rioflvin, 4 mg; vitmin B 6, 2 mg; vitmin B 12, 1 mg; pntothenic cid, 11 mg; nicin, 10 mg; iotin, 0.02 mg; Cu, 21 mg; Fe, 100 mg; Zn, 60 mg; Mn, 90 mg; I, 1.0 mg; Co, 0.3 mg nd Se, 0.3 mg. dividing the feed intke y ody weight gin. At the end of the experiment, three roilers per repliction were slughtered nd smples collected. Orgn development ws determined y clculting the weights of the individul orgns with respect to ody weight. Brest nd thigh met solute weights were lso mesured nd their reltive weights (percent to the ody weight) clculted. Moisture, crude protein, crude ft, nd sh percentge of the met smples were nlyzed ccording to the AOAC (2000). Oxidtive stility nd ftty cid composition of met: For determintion of the oxidtive stility of roiler rest nd thigh mets, met smples were preserved in refrigertor t 4.5 C, nd thiorituric cid rective sustnces (TBARS) vlues of met were ssyed when fresh s well s t 1 nd 2 wks ccording to the method of Srker nd Yng (2011). TBARS vlues re expressed s micromoles of mlondildehyde (MDA) per 100 g of met smple. Brest nd thigh met ftty cids were determined y the methyl ester extrction method ccording to Yng et l. (2003), nd ftty cids were identified y mtching their retention times with those of their reltive stndrds (Polyunsturted ftty cid-2, Animl Source, SUPELCO,

4 1162 Hossin et l. (2012) Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25: Bellefonte, PA, USA) s well s the Food Composition Tle (NRLSI, 2002). Sttisticl nlysis All dt were nlyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS Institute Inc. (2003). Microil numers were logrithmiclly trnsformed (log 10 cfu/ml or log 10 cfu/g) efore nlysis. For the other prmeters, dt were nlyzed to estimte vrince components for completely rndomized design. Duncn s multiple rnge tests were used to exmine significnt differences mong the tretment mens. All dt re presented s men SE. The level of sttisticl significnce ws preset t p<0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth performnce Dietry supplementtion of ACP ffected the growthrelted performnce of roilers. Dt shown in the Tle 3 reveled tht finl ody weight nd ody weight gin t the finisher nd totl periods were higher (p<0.05) in the ACP- 0.5% group compred to the NC nd ACP-1% groups. The ACP-0.5% group lso consumed higher mounts of (p<0.05) feed t the finisher nd totl periods compred to tht of the ACP-1% group. Higher FCR ws oserved in the PC nd ACP-0.5% groups t the finisher period, ut when considering the totl period, the ACP-0.5% group hd higher FCR compred to the NC group (p<0.05). AC is not regulrly used in the livestock industry. Accordingly, previous studies hve minly focused on its diuretic nd heptoprotective effects in lortory nimls. Recently, there hve een ttempts to evlute their effects on pig nd roiler nutrition. Body weight is commonly used to monitor the nutritionl sttus nd growth of nimls (Ndlovu et l., 2007). Supplementtion of ACP t 0.5% to the sl diet incresed ody weight gin nd improved FCR of roilers in this study, which indictes tht there my e synergistic effect etween the AC components nd proiotic metolites. The level of feed consumption is sic nd importnt fctor tht determines the rte of growth nd ody composition chieved y nimls throughout their lifecycles (Richrds, 2003). The decrese in feed intke s well s weight gin could e due to reduced pltility of the experimentl diet following the ddition of higher level (1%) of ACP. Hossin et l. (2011) nd Srker et l. (2010) found no negtive effect in ody weight gin nd FCR when roiler ws treted with ACP t 0.5%. Moreover, the utnol frction of A. cnlicultum with selenium hs een shown to increse the ody weight of streptozotocin-induced dietic rts (Kim, 2003). In contrst, Kim et l. (2011) reported poor FCR in AC (0.5%)-fed roilers during the finishing period. The results of phytoiotic nd proiotic ppliction to roiler diets re not completely consistent. Some reserchers hve reported significnt positive effects on performnce (Cross et l., 2007; Mountzouris et l., 2010), wheres nother group reported no influence on weight gin, feed consumption, or feed efficiency (Priynkrge et l., 2003; Srker nd Yng, 2011). In summry, reserchers hve minly found tht these groups of dditives hve gret potentil, ut the right comintion nd doses hve yet to e determined. Tle 3. Effect of Alism cnlicultum with proiotics on growth performnce of roilers Prmeter Tretments Body weight (g/ird) Dy old rd wk th wk 1, , , , Body weight gin (g/ird) Strter (0 to 3 wk) Finisher (4 to 5 wk) Totl (0 to 5 wk) 1, , , , Feed intke (g/ird) Strter (0 to 3 wk) 1, , , , Finisher (4 to 5 wk) 1, , , , Totl (0 to 5 wk) 2, , , , Feed conversion rtio (feed/gin) Strter (0 to 3 wk) Finisher (4 to 5 wk) Totl (0 to 5 wk) , Vlues with different superscripts in the sme row differ significntly (p<0.05). NC = Negtive control (sl diet); PC = Positive control (sl diet with 0.005% Chlortetrcycline); ACP = Alism cnlicultum with proiotics.

5 (g) (%) Hossin et l. (2012) Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25: Tle 4. Effect of Alism cnlicultum with proiotics on roiler met composition (n = 15 for ech tretment) Prmeter Tretments Brest met (%) Moisture Crude sh Crude ft Crude protein Thigh met (%) Moisture Crude sh Crude ft Crude protein , Vlues with different superscripts in the sme row differ significntly (p<0.05). NC = Negtive control (sl diet); PC = Positive control (sl diet with 0.005% Chlortetrcycline); ACP = Alism cnlicultum with proiotics. Met composition, met yield, nd internl orgn development ACP-0.5% diet incresed (p<0.05) crude protein content in rest met compred to the NC group (Tle 4). In thigh met, crude ft content ws lower (p<0.05) in the supplemented groups compred to the NC group. Brest met solute nd reltive weights (in reltion to ody weight) were higher (p<0.05) in the supplemented groups compred to the NC group (Figure 1). Tle 5 shows tht ACP diets incresed (p<0.05) gizzrd weight compred to the other diets. Further, kidney weight decresed (p<0.05) in the ACP-1% group, wheres the supplemented groups hd lower (p<0.05) lrge intestine weight compred to the NC group. Supplementtion of ACP t 0.5% incresed the crude protein content in rest met nd decresed crude ft content in thigh met. This finding is consistent with studies y Hossin et l. (2011) nd Srker et l. (2010), who reported higher crude protein content in rest met of ACP BM sulute weight BM reltive weight (0.5%)-fed roilers. However, Hossin et l. (2011, ) oserved lower crude protein content in thigh met of roilers tht consumed diet contining 0.5% nd 1% ACP. In recent report, Kim et l. (2011) noted tht AC is le to decrese the crude protein content of roiler rest met. Reduction of crude ft content y supplementtion of ACP ws lso reported in roiler rest met (Hossin et l., 2011) nd pork loin met (Kim et l., 2010). Therefore, the oserved increse in crude protein content nd decrese in crude ft content in the ACP-0.5% group ws possily n ssocitive effect etween the proiotic metolites nd AC components on protein nd lipid digestion nd metolism. Supplementtion of ACP incresed gizzrd reltive weight ut decresed lrge intestine weight, lthough higher level (1%) of ACP hd negtive effect on kidney weight. Incresed gizzrd weight (Hossin et l., 2011) nd decresed kidney weight (Hossin et l., 2011) hve lso een reported upon supplementtion of ACP to roiler diets. However, Kim et l. (2011) oserved decresed TM sulute weight TM reltive weight Figure 1. Effect of Alism cnlicultum with proiotics on rest met (BM) nd thigh met (TM) solute nd reltive weights of roilers (n = 15 for ech tretment). Dt re presented s the men SE. Brs nd lines not shring common letter re significntly different (p<0.05). NC = Negtive control (sl diet); PC = Positive control (sl diet with 0.005% Chlortetrcycline); ACP = Alism cnlicultum with proiotics.

6 µmol MDA/100 g met µmol MDA/100 g met 1164 Hossin et l. (2012) Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25: Tle 5. Effect of Alism cnlicultum with proiotics on reltive internl orgn weights of roilers (percentge in reltion to ody weight) (n = 15 for ech tretment) Prmeter Tretments Crop Proventriculus Hert Liver Gizzrd Pncres Kidney Smll intestine Lrge intestine Cec Adominl ft , Vlues with different superscripts in the sme row differ significntly (p<0.05). NC = Negtive control (sl diet); PC = Positive control (sl diet with 0.005% Chlortetrcycline); ACP = Alism cnlicultum with proiotics. gizzrd weight in AC-fed roilers. However, there hve een no reported chnges in the reltive weights of internl orgns from roilers fed Lctocillus spp. nd medicinl plnts (Hernndez et l., 2004; Awd et l., 2009). Further, ddition of ACP to roiler diets incresed rest met solute nd reltive weights. To the est of our knowledge, no other studies re ville for comprison. Vikri (2008) reported 7.9% rest met yield dvntge using plnt extrct supplementtion s opposed to ntiiotic tretment. However, Grci et l. (2007) previously oserved tht met yield ws not ffected y the plnt extrcts. Previous studies indicted tht proiotics hd positive effect on roiler met yield. Fidler et l. (2003) reported higher rest met yield in proiotic-supplemented group, wheres Pelicno et l. (2003) oserved tht roilers fed proiotics showed higher thigh yield t 45 dys of ge. The increse in rest muscle weight in the ACP groups indictes possile effect of the plnt constituents nd proiotic preprtions on the production of musculture in roilers. Oxidtive stility of met Supplementtion of ACP hd n effect on the oxidtive stility of met (Figures 2 nd 3). ACP groups hd lower (p<0.05) TBARS vlues fter wks 1 nd 2 of preservtion c c c c c Fresh 1st wk 2nd wk Averge Preservtion time Figure 2. Effect of Alism cnlicultum with proiotics on thiorituric cid rective sustnce (TBARS) vlues of rest met (n = 15 for ech tretment). TBARS vlues re expressed s micromoles of mlondildehyde (MDA) per 100 g of met. Dt re presented s the men SE. Brs within time clss not shring common letter re significntly different (p<0.05). NC = Negtive control (sl diet); PC = Positive control (sl diet with 0.005% Chlortetrcycline); ACP = Alism cnlicultum with proiotics c Fresh 1st wk 2nd wk Averge Preservtion time Figure 3. Effect of Alism cnlicultum with proiotics on thiorituric cid rective sustnce (TBARS) vlues of thigh met (n = 15 for ech tretment). TBARS vlues re expressed s micromoles of mlondildehyde (MDA) per 100 g of met. Dt re presented s the men SE. Brs within time clss not shring common letter re significntly different (p<0.05). NC = Negtive control (sl diet); PC = Positive control (sl diet with 0.005% Chlortetrcycline); ACP = Alism cnlicultum with proiotics.

7 Hossin et l. (2012) Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25: Tle 6. Effect of Alism cnlicultum with proiotics on ftty cid composition of rest met (g/100 g totl ft) (n = 15 for ech tretment) Prmeter 1 Tretments Myristic cid (C14:0) Plmitic cid (C16:0) Plmitoleic cid (C16:1n7) Steric cid (C18:0) Oleic cid (C18:1n9) Linoleic cid (C18:2n6) linolenic cid (C18:3n3) Eicosenoic cid (C20:1n9) Archidonic cid (C:20:4n6) Eicospentenoic cid (C20:5n3) Docoshexenoic cid (C22:6n3) SFA MUFA PUFA PUFA/SFA UFA/SFA n n n6/n , Vlues with different superscripts in the sme row differ significntly (p<0.05). NC = Negtive control (sl diet); PC = Positive control (sl diet with 0.005% Chlortetrcycline); ACP = Alism cnlicultum with proiotics. 1 SFA = Sturted ftty cids; MUFA = Monounsturted ftty cids; PUFA = Polyunsturted ftty cids; n3 = Totl omeg 3 ftty cid; n6 = Totl omeg 6 ftty cid. s well s verge vlues in rest nd thigh met compre to NC group. In terms of TBARS vlues mong the supplemented groups, the ACP-0.5% group ws not significntly different from the PC group, wheres the ACP-1% group hd the lowest (p<0.05) vlues. Lipid oxidtion is one of the primry mechnisms of qulity deteriortion in met products through dverse chnges in flvor, color, texture, nd nutritive vlue (Ur et l., 2008). The TBARS test is the most widely used method for quntifying lipid oxidtion development in met nd met products. The results from the TBARS test provided evidence tht ACP supplementtion could improve oxidtive stility in roiler met. This finding is consistent with studies y Hossin et l. (2011) nd Srker et l. (2010), who found lower TBARS vlues in ACPsupplemented roiler met. However, Hossin et l. (2011) oserved no chnges fter 1 week of preservtion. The ntioxidnt ctivity of plnt extrcts is minly relted to the presence of phenolic compounds. Moreover, compounds such s flvonoids nd terpenoids lso present ntioxidnt ctivity (Rizzo et l., 2008). In ddition, ntioxidtive ctivities hve een reported in proiotic strins such s Scchromyces cerevisie y Zhng et l. (2005). Further, AC or its constituents hve een reported to possess potent ntioxidnt properties (Choi, 2004). Hur et l. (2007) reported tht methnol extrct of A. orientle rhizome cn enhnce the ctivities of heptic ntioxidnt enzymes such s epoxide hydrolse nd glutthione S-trnsferse. These sustnces my intercept nd neutrlize free rdicls, preventing propgtion of the oxidtion process. Ftty cid composition of met Ftty cid compositions of rest nd thigh mets re shown in Tle 6 nd 7. ACP groups hd lower (p<0.05) rchidonic cid nd totl n6 ftty cid contents in rest met compred to the NC group. Docoshexenoic cid nd PUFA contents were lso lower (p<0.05) in the ACP groups compred to the NC nd PC groups. In thigh met, content of plmitoleic cid incresed in the ACP-1% group, wheres tht of docoshexenoic cid decresed in the ACP-0.5% group compred to the NC group (p<0.05). NC group hd higher (p<0.05) linoleic cid, PUFA, PUFA/SFA, nd n6 ftty cid contents compred to the other groups. Although PUFA nd n6 ftty cid contents chnged, the UFA/SFA nd n6/n3 rtios were unffected (p>0.05) in oth rest nd thigh mets. In terms of humn helth, the ftty cid composition of met products is n importnt prmeter of met qulity. Further, the role of the PUFA/SFA rtio for this purpose hs decresed while tht of the totl n6/n3 rtio hs incresed

8 1166 Hossin et l. (2012) Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25: Tle 7. Effect of Alism cnlicultum with proiotics on ftty cid composition of thigh met (g/100 g totl ft) (n = 15 for ech tretment) Prmeter 1 (Dulecz et l., 2004). Upon supplementtion of ACP, the levels of rchidonic cid nd docoshexenoic cid decresed, which ffected the PUFA nd totl n6 ftty cid contents of rest met. On the other hnd, reduction of linoleic cid content led to decresed levels of PUFA, PUFA/SFA, nd totl n6 ftty cids in thigh met. These results suggest tht ACP hs n effect on ft metolism. This finding coincides with Hossin et l. (2011), who reported lower PUFA nd totl n6 ftty cid contents in ACP (1%)-fed roiler met feturing rhizome. Nevertheless, Kim et l. (2011) found higher linoleic cid nd lower rchidonic cid contents in rest met upon supplementtion with AC (0.5%), ut no chnges in PUFA content. Altertion of PUFA nd totl n6 ftty cid levels hd no influences the UFA/SFA or n6/n3 rtio in oth rest nd thigh mets in this study. It is well ccepted tht the inclusion of proiotics such s Scchromyces cn increse the linolenic cid content nd UFA/SFA rtio in pectorl met of roilers through positive effect on the intestinl flor (Endo et l., 1999). However, Hossin et l. (2011) oserved tht ACP (0.5%) diet is le to increse PUFA nd totl n3 ftty cid contents in roiler met, resulting in decresed n6/n3 rtio. As we hve no informtion out the ftty cid composition of AC nd ACP, it is evident tht the ftty cid composition of the feed is the most importnt Tretments Myristic cid (C14:0) Plmitic cid (C16:0) Plmitoleic cid (C16:1n7) Steric cid (C18:0) Oleic cid (C18:1n9) Linoleic cid (C18:2n6) linolenic cid (C18:3n3) Eicosenoic cid (C20:1n9) Archidonic cid (C:20:4n6) Eicospentenoic cid (C20:5n3) Docoshexenoic cid (C22:6n3) SFA MUFA PUFA PUFA/SFA UFA/SFA n n n6/n , Vlues with different superscripts in the sme row differ significntly (p<0.05). NC = Negtive control (sl diet); PC = Positive control (sl diet with 0.005% Chlortetrcycline); ACP = Alism cnlicultum with proiotics. 1 SFA = Sturted ftty cids; MUFA = Monounsturted ftty cids; PUFA = Polyunsturted ftty cids; n3 = Totl omeg 3 ftty cid; n6 = Totl omeg 6 ftty cid. determinnt of the ftty cid composition of the resulting roiler rest nd thigh mets (Cortins et l., 2004). The inconsistent results could e ttriuted to the species, strins, nd survivility of the proiotic microorgnisms, in ddition to the plnt ioctive components, plnt ftty cid profile, nd dietry supplementtion levels. CONCLUSIONS Plnt extrcts present some dvntges compred to trditionl ntimicroils s the ltter hve single ctive principle. Since proiotic microes hve different eneficil properties, n optiml product my require comintion of severl strins. ACP tested in this study ws comintion of A. cnlicultum nd multi proiotic strins, nd exhiited high tolernce to cid, ile, nd het. Results indicted tht ACP-0.5% diet incresed ody weight, improved FCR, nd hd positive effect on crcss composition. It lso incresed gizzrd reltive weight ut hd no negtive effect on kidney reltive weight. Supplementtion of ACP improved oxidtive stility of oth rest nd thigh mets, lthough it ffected ftty cid composition. Future studies re needed to scertin the ftty cid metolism of AC nd ACP. Therefore, roiler producers cn incorporte ACP t level of 0.5% into the

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