Effect of Substituting Shrimp Waste Hydrolysate of Penaeus merguensis for Fish Meal in Broiler Performance

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1 Pkistn Journl of Nutrition 7 (6): , 2008 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2008 Effect of Sustituting Shrimp Wste Hydrolyste of Peneus merguensis for Fish Mel in Broiler Performnce 2 Mri Endo Mht, Adi Dhrm, H. Irsn Rynto nd Yose Rizl Deprtment of Animl Nutrition nd Feed Science, Fculty of Animl Science, Andls University, Pdng 2563, Indonesi 2. Deprtment of Chemistry, Fculty of Mthemthic nd Nturl Sciences, Andls University, Pdng 2563, Indonesi Astrct: The ojective of this study is to mesure the effect of sustituting different levels of shrimp wste hydrolyste (SWH) from Peneus merguensis for fish mel (FM) in roiler diet. The roilers were rndomly ssigned in 4 different levels of SWH (0, 4, 8, nd 2%) in experimentl diet with Completely Rndomized Design. Ech dietry tretment ws replicted five times. The result of this experiment indicted tht weight gin, feed conversion, nd percentge nitrogen retention were ffected significntly (P<0.05), nd no significnt differences were found for feed consumption, percentge crcss, percentge domen ft, nd digestive orgn size (liver, proventriculus, gizzrd, cecum, nd pncres). The inclusion of SWH until 8% in roiler diet kept the weight gin nd feed conversion stle s well s FM in diet, however the inclusion to 2% decresed weight gin nd negtive effect in feed conversion. In conclusion, SWH could e included to 8% in roiler s diet or sustitute FM s lterntive of niml protein source s much s 40%. Key words: Shrimp wste hydrolystes, fish mel, roiler performnce Introduction Indonesi is one of the igger shrimp exporter country fter Chin in the world (Josupeit, 2004). According to Indonesi Bureu Centrl Sttistic (2004) in 996 nd 2000 the shrimp ws exported from Indonesi 62,22, nd 220,520 tones respectively. In West Sumter Province, (one of province of Repulic of Indonesi) Peneus merguensis is mjor strin shrimp cught from the se nd in 2002 it ws produced 4, 960 ton (West Sumter Fishery Sttistic, 2003). Generlly, shrimp is exported from Indonesi in frozen shrimp without exoskeleton, or it sell t locl mrket either with or without exoskeleton. The exoskeleton from shrimp frozen industry is undnce s shrimp wste nd it is dumped nd produced unplesnt smell in environment. The high protein content in shrimp wste is potentilly s protein sources for sustituting expensive fish mel in roiler diet. Some reserchers found vrition level of protein in shrimp wste, the level strted from 39, 45 to 52, 70% (Mirzh, 990; Gernt, 200; Fnimo et l., 2004; Okoye et l., 2005). Mht (2007) found the protein contin of shrimp wste from Peneus merguensis is 24.03% in dry weight sis. The shrimp wste is lso well-known hs high clcium contin (Gernt, 200; Fnimo et l., 2004 nd Okoye et l., 2005). Unfortuntely, the shrimp wste protein digestiility is low nd sorption in smll mount y roiler ecuse of chitin compound. The mount of shrimp wste inclusion roiler diet is controversil Wskito et l. (975) Romzih et l. (98) Islm et l. (994) nd Arellno et l. (997) mesured 5-0, 5, 4, 25, nd 9% respectively. Chitin is liner polymer of N- cetyl-d-glycocymine unit linked ß (, 4) glycosidic onds (Minoru et l., 2002) nd chitinse is enzyme tht ctlyze the hydrolysis of chitin to its simple monomer of N-cetyl-D-glycocymine (Prk et l., 997). Chitin physiclly locks the ccess of digestive enzyme to protein nd lipid, thus ffecting the utiliztion of these nutrient (Cstro et l., 989). In limentry digestive trct of roiler is not produce enough chitinse (E.C ) to ctlyze chitin hydrolysis (Jeuniux nd Cornelius, 978). Thus chitin decomposition is needed for optimum utiliztion of shrimp wste s niml protein source in roiler diet. Some methods for chitin degrdtion in shrimp wste such s physicl, chemicl, iologicl nd fermenttion process hve een crried out for repiring its nutrient qulity (Mirzh, 997; Filwti, 2003; Nwnn, 2003 nd Syhrni, 2004). Hydrolyzing chitin in shrimp wste y using crude chitinse extrcellulr from Serrti mrcescens (shrimp wste hydrolyste) could decresed chitin content y 6.07% nd incresed the protein content y 26.09% (Mht et l., 2006). To dte, very little dt pulished concerning the use of shrimp wste hydrolyste in roiler diet. The ojective of this study is to mesure the effect of sustituting different levels of shrimp wste hydrolyste (SWH) from Peneus merguensis shrimp for fish mel (FM) in roiler diet. Mterils nd Methods Prepring shrimp wste hydrolystes nd nutrient nlysis: Shrimp wste from Peneus merguensis ws 806

2 Mht et l.: Effect of Sustituting Shrimp Wste Hydrolyste of Peneus merguensis tken t locl mrket in Pdng city, West Sumter Province, Indonesi. It ws dried under the sun light for some dys nd then milled in.5 mm prticle size. Crude chitinse production ws performed y cultured Serrti mrcescens cterium in 0.5% liquid colloidl chitin medium (colloidl chitin wet 0.5%, yest extrct 0.05%, polypeptone 0.05%, K2HPO 4 0.4%, KH2PO4 0.06%, MgSO 4 7H2O 0.25%) in ph 5.2 for 4 dys. Crude chitinse ws seprted from cteri y centrifuged t 8500 rpm for 5 minutes. The shrimp wste mel hydrolyzing process ws performed in ccordnce to Mht (2007) y using 4 unit crude chitinse nd incuted with enzyme mong 24 h. Activity of chitinse for hydrolyzing of shrimp wste ws stopped y sumerged the enzyme-sustrte in oiling wter O (00 C) for 5 minutes. After tht, the shrimp wste ws dried gin under the sun light for some dys. Prior to diet formultion. A proximte nlysis were conducted on shrimp wste hydrolystes (SWH) in ccordnce to the Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemist (AOAC, 990). Metolizle Energy (ME) vlue of SWH ws clculted y Scile method (980) nd chitin contin y Hong et l. (989) (Tle ). Experimentl diets nd composition: Four isocloric nd isonitrogenous were formulted in experimentl diet. The SWH ws included t 0, 4, 8, nd 2% for diets A, B, C, nd D respectively. Yellow corn ws the mjor energy source while soyen mel nd copr mel were used to djust for oth protein nd energy diet (Tle 3). Experimentl nimls nd their mngement: A totl of eighty unsexed one week-old Aror cres CP 707 reed roiler chicken purchsed from locl poultry shop t Pdng city were individully weighed nd thn rndomly llotted to four tretment diets. There were 20 irds per tretment nd 4 irds per replicte in completely rndomized design. The roiler were environmentl conditions. Feed nd wter were supplied d liitum. Routine mngement prctices were mintined. Dt collection: Broiler performnce dt for feed consumption, weight gin nd feed conversion were collected for 6 weeks experimentl period on weekly sis, while for nitrogen retention, percentge crcss, ft domen nd digestive orgns size were tken t the end of experimentl period. Feed conversion ws clculted y dividing the feed intke y the weight gin. Percentge crcss ws clculted y dividing the crcss weight y ody weight nd multiple with 00%. Nitrogen retention is clculted y Sild (975). Percentge domen ft ws tken y weighed roiler domen ft nd dividing with ody weight nd multiple with 00%. Digestive orgn size (liver, proventriculus, Tle : Proximte nlysis of shrimp wste nd shrimp wste hydrolyste (SWH) (s fed sis),chitin contin nd metolizle energy (ME) (kkl/kg) Shrimp wste Shrimp hydrolystes Components wste (SWH) Wter (%) Dry mtter (%) Crude fier (%) Crude protein (%) Ft (%) Ash (%) Clcium (%) Phosphorus (%) Nitrogen-free extrctives (%) Metolizle Energy (kkl/kg) Chitin (%) Clculted y Schiel method (980) = 70% x Gross energy of SWH. Tle 2: Amino cid composition of shrimp wste hydrolyste(swh) compring with mino cid from fish mel Shrimp wste from hydrolyste Fish Peneus merguensis mel (%) wste (%) (Fmino Amino cid (Mht, 2007) et l., 996) Asprtic cid Glutmic cid Serine Glycine Histidine Arginine Threonine Alnine Proline Tyrosine Vline Methionine Cysteine Isoleucine Leucine Phenyllnine Lysine Tryptophn Bold = Essentil mino cid gizzrd, cecum nd pncres) re weighed, compring with ody weight nd multiple y 00%. Sttisticl nlysis: A completely rndomized design ws dopted to execute this experiment nd mens showing significnt differences in the ANOVA tle were compred using the Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test (Steel nd Torrie, 980). Results The effect of SWH on feed consumption, weight gin, feed conversion, percentge crcss, percentge domen ft nd nitrogen retention: Sttisticl nlysis showed significnt difference (P<0.05) in the effects of SWH towrd weight gin, feed conversion nd nitrogen 807

3 Mht et l.: Effect of Sustituting Shrimp Wste Hydrolyste of Peneus merguensis Tle 3: Composition of the experimentl roiler diet (s fed sis) Feedstuffs (%) A B C D Yellow corn Rice rn Soyen mel Fish mel (FM) Shrimp wste hydrolyste (SWH) Copr mel Coconut oil Totl Clculted nlysis: Crude protein (%) Metolizle Energy (kcl/kg) Ft (%) Crude fier (%) Clcium (%) Phosphorous (%) Chitin % Clculted y multiple of SWH mount in experiment died with chitin contin in SWH. Tle 4: Performnce of roiler chicken fed vrying levels of shrimp wste hydrolyste (SWH) Diets Prmeters SWH 0% SWH 4% SWH 8% SWH 2% Feed consumption Weight gin Feed conversion Percentge crcss Percentge domen ft Nitrogen retention Mens tht re not followed y the sme letters re significntly different t p<0.05. Tle 5: The effect of SWH to digestive orgnelle percentge (liver, proventriculus, gizzrd, cecum, nd pncres) Prmeter SWH 0% SWH 4% SWH 8% SWH 2% Proventriculus Gizzrd Cecum Pncres Liver retention, while SWH is not ffect feed consumption, percentge crcss nd percentge domen ft. The dt re shown in Tle 4. The effect of SWH on digestive orgns: The verge percentge of digestive orgns: liver, proventriculus, gizzrd, cecum nd pncres were not ffected y shrimp wste (Tle 5). Discussion Tle 4 reveled 2 SWH in experimentl diet decresed weight gin nd nitrogen retention, ut it incresed feed conversion nd no significnt effect in feed consumption, percentge crcss nd percentge domen ft. Apprently, the inclusion of 2% SWH in diet is not decrese the diet pltility ecuse the colour nd flvor of diet re not significntly different with control diet (diet with 0% SWH). Scott et l. (982) stted colour nd flvor diet re fctors ffecting roiler feed consumption, the right colour more pltle thn drk colour. Although roiler tste uts orgn is not well develop, this fctor is ffected diet pltility. In this experiment, we suspected tht high level of C nd P with in lnce rtio t 2 SWH (Tle 3) due to the decresing of weight gin nd worse feed conversion. High level of C in SWH (Tle ) ffect of C level in diet. Idel rtio of C nd P for poultry is 2: (NRC, 984) nd the rtio of C: P t 2% of SWH in diet in this experiment is 6.43:. Bronner (987) stted tht the circumstnce of 808

4 Mht et l.: Effect of Sustituting Shrimp Wste Hydrolyste of Peneus merguensis the poultry intestine is lmost cidic thn lkline nd Biotechnology Lortory, Fculty of Life nd Kheiri nd Rhmni (2006) found tht C might Environmentl Science, Shimne University, Jpn who increse the intestinl ph nd consequently ffect the hs tught for studying out chitinse nd chitosnse digestion nd sorption of nutrient. In this cse, high enzyme. levels of C in 2% SWH in diet incresed nd chnged the intestinl ph of roiler from cidic to lkline, this is possile cuse of lower protein digestion nd sorption. Beside tht, the nitrogen retention in this tretment is lower thn the other (Tle 4), its men protein qulity is poor ecuse the inclusion of 2 SWH decresed the fish mel in roiler diet, while s shown References Assocition of the Officil Anlyticl chemists (AOAC), th_ ed. Wshington, DC. Arellno, L.L., Crillo., F. Perez-Gill, E. Avil nd F. Rmos, 997. Shrimp hed mel utiliztion in roiler feeding. Poult. Sci., 76: 85. in Tle 2 the qulity of mino cid in SWH is lower thn Bronner, F., 987. Intestinl clcium sorption fish mel, s well known the mino cid s protein component ply n importnt role for roiler grower, thus weight gin nd feed conversion re lower nd worse in this tretment. This finding gree with Scott et l. (982) which stted tht protein plys n importnt role for roiler growing nd protein deficiency will decrese weight gin. The interesting point in this experiment is the SWH ws not ffect the feed consumption up 2% in diet, ut the weight gin nd feed conversion in this tretment were lower thn the other. This phenomenon indicted tht protein nd energy re not enough for roiler requirement regrding with lower protein digestion nd qulity, thus roiler rrnged their consumption for protein nd energy fulfil. Percentge crcss ws not influenced y SWH in ll levels in diet, due of this the percentge domen ft deposition nd ll orgnelles digestive (proventriculus gizzrd, cecum, pncres nd liver) lso ws not ffected y SWH (Tle 5). And fter reducing it from ody weight the percentge crcss of roiler is not different for ech tretment. We found in this experiment SWH could included up to 8% mechnism nd ppliction. J. Nutr., 7: Cstro, G., N. Stoyn nd J.P. Nyers, 989. Assimiltion efficiency in irds, function of txon nd food type? Comp. Biochemp. Physiol., 92: Fnimo, A.O., B.O. Oduguw, O.O Oduguw, O.Y. Ajs nd O. Jegede, Feeding Vlue of Shrimp Mel for Growing Pig. Filwti, Shrimp wste processing y physic nd chemicl nd its utiliztion ffected in rtion for lyer production. Thesis, Andls University, Indonesi. Gernt, A.G, 200. The effect of using different level of shrimp mel in lying hen diet. Reserch Notes. Poult. Sci., 80: Hong, K. N., S.P. Myers nd K.S. Lee, 989. Isoltion nd chrcteriztion of chitin from crwfish shell wste. J. Agri. nd Food Chem., 37. Ilin, M.A., C.A. Bond, A.J. Slm nd S. AL-Hooti, 985. Evlution of shrimp y-ctch mel s roiler Feedstuff. Nutr. Rep. Int., 3: Indonesi Bureu Centrl Sttistic, Bureu of in roiler diet, this finding is higher thn R et l. Centrl Sttistic, Sttistic of Indonesi (97) which ws found the shrimp wste could incorported into roiler diets t levels of 6.8%, ut it lower thn Mirzh (997) which treted shrimp wste with high stem pressure nd could e included 8% in roiler diet. Our finding lso lower thn Ilin et l. (985) nd Okoye et l. (2005) tht found 0% shrimp wste could e included in roiler diet. The lower energy, high Trding Foreign. Export. Bureu of Centrl Sttistic, Jkrt. Islm, M.A., M.D. Hossin, S.M. Biul nd M.A. Howlider, 994. Unconventionl feed for roilers. Ind. Vet. J., 74: Jeuniux, C. nd C. Cornelius, 978. Distriution nd Activity of Chitinolytic Enzyme in the Digestion Trct C nd shrimp species re proly due the fctor of of Bird nd Mmmls. Pges in the differences of our finding with the other report. To mximum utiliztion effort of SWH in roiler diet we should do C deminerliztion process in next experiment. Proceeding of the first interntionl conference on chitin/chitosn. R.A.A. Muzzrelli nd E.R Priser, ed. MIT Press, Cmridge, M.A. Josupeit, H., An Overview on The World Shrimp Mrket, GLOBEFISH, Food & Agri. Org. of the U.N. Conclusion: SWH could e included to 8% in roiler s Kheiri, F. nd H.R. Rhmni, The Effect of diet or sustitute FM s lterntive of niml protein reducing clcium nd phosphorous on roiler source s much s 40%. performnce. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: Mht, M.E., Repiring shrimp wste nutrient Acknowledgment This experiment ws funded y Deprtment of Ntionl qulity s poultry feed through chitosnse nd chitinse hydrolysis from Serrti mrcescense Eduction Repulic of Indonesi. The uthors re very grteful to Prof. Mkoto Kwmuki t Biochemistry nd cterium. Indonesi. Diserttion, Andls Uni., Pdng, 809

5 Mht et l.: Effect of Sustituting Shrimp Wste Hydrolyste of Peneus merguensis Mht, M.E., A.A. Dhrm nd Y. Rizl, The Potency of Crude Chitinse Serrti mrcescens Bcterium in Incresing Shrimp Wste Qulity nd It Appliction s Poultry Feed. Hih Bersing Project Report, Directorte of Generl Higher Eduction. Dep. Ntionl Edu. Indonesi of Repulic. Minoru, M., S. Hiroyuki nd S. Yoshihiro, Control of function of chitin nd chitosn y chemicl modifiction. Minireview, in Trends in Glycoscience nd Glycotechnology. 4 No 78, pp: Mirzh, 990. Influence of shrimp wste mel processing nd non processing level in rtion for roiler performnce. Thesis, Pjjrn University, Bndung, Indonesi. Mirzh, 997. The Influence of shrimp wste mel processing with stem pressure t qulity nd its utiliztion in roiler rtion. Disserttion, Pdjdjrn University, Bndung. Ntionl Reserch Council, 994. Nutrient Requirement of Poultry. Nine Revised Edition. Ntionl Acdemy Press. Wshington, DC. Nwnn, L.C., Nutritionl vlue nd digestiility of fermented shrimp hed wste mel y Africn ctfish Clris griepinus.pk. J. Nutr., 2: Okoye, F.C., G.S. Ojewol nd K. Njoku-Onu, Evlution of shrimp wste mel s prole niml protein source for roiler chicken. Int. J. Poult. Sci., Prk, J.K., K. Morit, I. Fukumoto, Y. Ymski, T. Nkgw, M. Kwmuki nd H. Mtsud, 997. Purifiction nd chrcteriztion of the chitinse (ChiA) from Enterocter sp G. Bio Science, Bio Technology, Bio chemistry, 6: R, P., E. Bergqvist nd O. Cceres, 97. Uso e incidenci pigmentnte del hrin de cmrones y lngostinos en roiler. Trjo de tesis, Euscuel de Agronomi. U. Ctolic e Vlpríso, Chilie. Romzih, S., H. Setiono, M. Hyti, Y.M. Indrwni nd K. dn Rochimn, 98. Pengruh Bergi Tingkt Penggunn Tepung Limh Udng di Dlm Rnsum Aym Broiler Pedging Terhdp Pertumuhn dn Konsumsi Rnsum. Direktort P3M. FKH Unir, Sury. rd Scile, P.J., 980. Poultry Feed nd Nutrition. 3 e, The vi Pu. Co. Inc., West port. Scott, M.L., M.C. Nesheim nd R.J. Young, 982. rd Nutrition of the Chicken. 3 ed, M.L. Scott nd Assocites Pulisher Ithc, New York. Scott, M.L., M.C. Nesheim nd R.J. Young, 982. Nutrition of the chicken. M.E. Scott & Asso. Ithc, New york. Sild, I.R The Level of Feed intke on metolizle vlue mesured with dult rooesters. Poult. Sci., 54: Steel, R.G.D. nd J.H. Torrie, 980. principles nd procedure of sttistics. A Biometricl pproch. 2 nd ed, McGrw Hill Book Co., New York, USA. Syhrni, M., The influence of shrimp wste fermenttion period y Effective Microorgnism 4 (EM 4) for dry mtter, crude protein. chitin. Minithesis, Andls University. Wskito, W.H.S., Zkri nd Suhrjono, 975. Kndungn Gizi dn Energi Metolis Tepung Udng dn Pengruhny Terhdp Produksi Telur. Seminr Penelitin Peternkn. Pust Penelitin Pengemngn Ternk Ciwi, Bogor. West Sumter Fishey Sttistic, Sttistic of West Sumter Fishery Cthing. Fishery Office, West Sumter. 80