Effects of L-carnitine supplementation in drinking water on layer-type chick juvenile performance

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1 Arh.Geflügelk., 74 (2). S , 21, ISSN Verlg Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgrt Effets of L-rnitine supplementtion in drinking wter on lyer-type hik juvenile performne Einfluss einer L-Crnitin-Zulge zum Trinkwsser uf die Entwiklung von Legehennenküken in der Strterphse K.E. Nououkpo 1, K. Ton 1, A. Agonon 2, M. Gessor 1, J. Buyse 3 nd E. Deuypere 3 Mnuskript eingegngen m 25. Ferur 29, ngenommen m 7. April 29 Introdution 1L. of Poultry Sienes 1, Fulty of Sienes, University of Lome, Lome, Togo 2L. of Phrmology of Nturl Sustnes, Fulty of Sienes, University of Lome, Lome, Togo 3L. for Physiology, Immunology nd Genetis of Domesti Animls, Deprtment of Biosystems, K.U. Leuven, Belgium Improvement of hiken performne n e relized with 1-d-old hiks of high qulity, whih my e determined posteriori y their survivility nd growth potentil (CHRISTENSEN, 21). Severl ftors in newly hthed hiks n influene post-hth growth, nd these inlude hik holding nd nutritionl onditions during juvenile stge (UNI nd FERKET, 24). Aording to ROMANOFF (196), yolk s is n importnt soure of energy in developing emryo. This uthor reported tht lmost 2% of the ody weight of newly hthed hiks is yolk, whih provides immedite post-hth energy. Indeed, ANTHONY et l. (1989) nd NOY nd SKLAN (1998) reported tht during the first dys of life, yolk s ontent is used for mintenne. Energy of hik during the first dys of life is provided y oxidtion of ftty ids of yolk s ontent (PUVADOLPIROD et l., 1997). During the first 5 d fter hthing, hiks quire yolk derived lipids vi lipoproteins. It is lso ssumed tht yolk s is involved in initition of the growth proess for hiks (BIGOT et l., 21) nd rries immunogloulins whih re trnsferred from hen to hik. With regrd to its importne during erly stge of hik life, quik utiliztion of yolk s ontent n improve hik juvenile performne prmeters suh s growth rte, feed effiieny nd mortlity. Fst utiliztion of yolk s ontent n e enhned y dministrtion of sustnes tht n e involved in ftty id metolism. L-rnitine is well known for its metoli tivity of ftty id (REBOUCHE, 1992; HEO et l., 21) nd in ddition to its nti-oxydnt tivity. L-rnitine enhnes long hin ftty ids metolism through mitohondril memrne. It n e produed y the niml orgnism from lysine nd methionine. ARSLAN (26) reported tht endogenous prodution together with feed supplementtion of L-rnitine should e suffiient to over the needs of dult irds. However, in young hik iosynthesis of L-rnitine is less well developed nd therefore, L-rtinine supplementtion of hiks during the strter stge my led to fster utiliztion of yolk s ontent. This fst utiliztion of yolk my result in improvement of performne prmeters nd immunity funtions. The im of this study ws to investigte the effets of supplementtion of L-rnitine in drinking wter during the first 7 d of life on juvenile growth rte, feed effiieny, yolk s ontent utiliztion, moridity nd serum levels of triglyeride nd totl proteins. Mteril nd Methods Experimentl design A totl of 684 Hisex Brown femle lyer hiks provided y VLIR projet hthery (Lortory of Poultry Sienes, University of Lome) were studied. The hiks were rndomized nd divided into three different groups of 228 hiks eh. These groups were 1) ontrol group (Cont), 2) hiks with supplementtion of 3 mg of L-rnitine per liter of drinking wter (LC3) nd 3) hiks with supplementtion of 6 mg of L-rnitine per liter of drinking wter (LC 6). L-rnitine doses were sed on studies of XU et l. (23) nd BUYSE et l. (21). L-rnitine supplementtion took ple during the first 7 d of rering. Within eh group, hiks were weighed individully nd divided into two replitions of 1 eh. They were fed with stndrd strter diet 2 (2,8 Kl ME/kg nd 2% CP). Feed nd wter were provided d liitum. Within eh replition, ll hiks were weighed individully t 7 nd d of ge. Smple of 36 hiks were used to ollet lood nd to weigh residul yolk s t 1, 7 nd d of ge. Blood smples were used to determine serum levels of triglyeride nd totl proteins. Feed onsumptions were mesured nd numers of hiks showing moridity signs during the first week of life were reorded. Moridity definition Moridity ws defined s hik showing sign of dirrhe in lol re. During the first week of life, ll the hiks were heked individully within eh replition. For eh, group, numers of hiks tht showed sign of dirrhe were reorded. These numers were used to lulte the proportions of hiks showing moridity signs s: 1 ni Moridity = Ni ; where n = numer of hiks showing sign of dirrhe in the lol re, N = totl hik of hiks nd i = replition i. 1 Experimentl work ws rried out with filities of this Lortory 2 GHANA AGRO FOOD COMPANY LTD (GAFCO) P.O. Box 11345, Tem, Ghn Arh.Geflügelk. 2/21

2 Nououkpo et l.: L-Crnitine supplementtion nd prodution prmeters 117 Triglyeride, Gluose nd totl proteins levels determintion For Triglyeride nd totl proteins mesurements, lood smples were olleted from hiks t 1, 7 nd d of ge. Within eh replition, lood smples were olleted from 18 hiks t eh stge. Triglyeride nd totl proteins were mesured in serum smples y Elis. Totl protein liquiolor, gluose liquiolor, nd triglyerides liquiolor provided y Humn GmH (6525 Wiesden Germny) were used for, respetively, totl protein nd triglyeride onentrtion determintion. All smples were run in the sme ssy in order to void inter-ssy vriility. Sttistil nlysis The dt were proessed with sttistil softwre pkge of SYSTAT 11. The generl liner models proedure ws used to nlyze hik weights; serum triglyeride nd totl proteins onentrtions in reltion to tretment. The model ws s follows: Yi = µ + αi + εi, Where, Yi = hik weights, triglyeride or totl proteins onentrtions of hik from tretment i, µ = overll men, αi = min effet of tretment i, nd εi = rndom error term from tretment. Logisti regression ws used to nlyze the effet of tretment on moridity nd feed intke. Results Effet of L-rnitine on hik weights Dy-old hik weights were similr etween the three tretment groups. Overll, hik weight inresed from 71.8 g t 7 d of ge to g t d of ge. Figure 1 shows verge hik weights ording to ge nd tretments. At 7 d of ge, hiks of ontrol group were lighter (P <.5) thn those of LC3 nd LC6 whih were omprle. At d of ge, hik weights of ontrol group were slightly higher thn those of LC3 nd LC6 ut the differene ws not signifint. Effet of L-rnitine on yolk s utiliztion nd moridity Yolk s weights of d-old hiks were similr etween groups. Figure 2 indites tht, t 7 d of ge, remining yolk s weights deresed with inresing dose of L-rnitine (P <.5). At the sme stge proportion of hiks showing moridity signs ws higher in ontrol group ompred to LC3 nd LC6 groups (Figure 3; P <.5). Proportions of hiks with moridity signs were not different etween LC3 nd LC6 groups. Effet of L-rnitine on feed intke Dily feed intke per hik vried etween.1 g nd 15.7 g or 16.4 nd 18.7 g, respetively, during the first or the seond week of ge. Figure 4 shows feed onsumption ording to tretments nd ge of hiks. Feed intke inresed s ge of hiks inresed (P <.1). During the first week of life, mount of feed onsumed deresed with inresing dose of L-nitine (P <.5). For the seond week, feed intke of hiks of ontrol group ws higher (P<.5) thn tht of hiks of LC3 nd LC6 groups whih were omprle. Effet of L-rnitine on triglyeride nd totl proteins onentrtions Serum triglyeride, gluose nd totl protein onentrtions of d-old hiks were similr etween groups. Averge onentrtions were 3.97 mg/dl, 86.5 mg/dl nd 4.15 mg/dl, respetively for triglyerides, gluose nd totl protein. Gluose levels were not ffeted y L-rnitine supplementtion nd ge of hiks (dt not shown). Figure 5 indites tht overll levels of triglyeride deresed from d 7 to d (P <.1). At 7 d nd d of ge, Chik weights (g) Yolk s weight (g) Tretments Figure 1. Averge (± SEM) hik weights (g) ording to ge nd tretments. For eh ge, dt shring no ommon letter were different (P <.5). Mittlere Kükengewihte (g; ± SEM) in Ahängigkeit vom Alter und den Behndlungen. Für jedes Alter untersheiden sih Mittelwerte mit untershiedlihen lteinishen Buhsten signifiknt (P <,5). Figure 2. Averge (± SEM) yolk s weights (g) t the end of 7 d ording to the tretments (n = 36 hiks). Dt shring no ommon letter were different (P <.5). Mittlere Dotterskgewihte (g; ± SEM) m Ende des sieten Leenstgs in Ahängigkeit der Behndlungen (n = 36 Küken). Mittelwerte mit untershiedlihen lteinishen Buhsten untersheiden sih signifiknt (P <,5). Arh.Geflügelk. 2/21

3 118 Nououkpo et l.: L-Crnitine supplementtion nd prodution prmeters triglyeride levels deresed signifintly with inresing dose of L-rnitine (P <.1). Figure 6 shows onentrtions of totl proteins in serum ording to tretment nd hik ge. Totl proteins levels deresed with inresing ge of hiks (P <.1). At d 7 of ge, proteins onentrtions were higher in serum of hiks of ontrol group (P <.1) thn those of LC3 nd LC6 whih were similr. But, t d of ge proteins onentrtions were omprle etween ll tretment groups. Disussion The results from this study lerly demonstrte L-rnitine supplementtion in drinking wter leds to more effiient utiliztion of yolk s ontent nd therefore, improves hik juvenile growth, moridity nd feed effiieny. L-rnitine supplementtion lso ffeted serum levels of iohemil prmeters suh s triglyerides nd totl protein onentrtions. Moridity (%) Feed intke per hik (g/d) Tretments Figure 3. Proportion of hiks showing moridity signs (%) t the end of 7 d ording to the tretments. Dt shring no ommon letter were different (P <.1). Anteil n Küken mit Moriditätsnzeihen (%) m Ende des sieten Leenstgs in Ahängigkeit von den Behndlungen. Mittelwerte mit untershiedlihen lteinishen Buhsten untersheiden sih signifiknt (P <,1). Figure 4. Dily feed onsumption per hik ording to tretments nd ge. For eh ge, dt shring no ommon letter were different (P <.5). Durhshnittlihe täglihe Futterufnhme in Ahängigkeit von den Behndlungen und dem Alter. Für jedes Alter untersheiden sih Mittelwerte mit untershiedlihen lteinishen Buhsten signifiknt (P <,5) Triglyeride levels (mg/dl) Totl protein levels (mg/dl) Figure 5. Serum triglyerides onentrtion ording to ge nd tretments (n = 36 hiks). For eh ge, dt shring no ommon letter were different (P <.5). Konzentrtion n Serum-Triglyzeriden in Ahängigkeit vom Alter und den Behndlungen (n = 36 Küken). Für jedes Alter untersheiden sih Mittelwerte mit untershiedlihen lteinishen Buhsten signifiknt (P <,5). Figure 6. Serum totl proteins onentrtion ording to ge nd tretments (n = 36 hiks). For eh ge, dt shring no ommon letter were different (P <.5). Konzentrtion n Gesmteiweiß im Serum in Ahängigkeit vom Alter und den Behndlungen (n = 36 Küken). Für jedes Alter untersheiden sih Mittelwerte mit untershiedlihen lteinishen Buhsten signifiknt (P <,5). Arh.Geflügelk. 2/21

4 Nououkpo et l.: L-Crnitine supplementtion nd prodution prmeters 119 At hthing, the weight of the yolk residue is pproximtely 1 to 2% of the ody weight (ROMANOFF, 196 nd NITSAN et l., 1991). Yolk omprises 16 2% lipids nd 2 25% proteins t hth. Yolk lipids re minly omposed of triglyerides (72,5%) nd phospholipids (25%) with smll mounts of holesterol esters (4%) nd no free ftty ids (NOBLE nd OGUNYEMI, 1989 nd NOY nd SKLAN, 1998). Although the derese in protein during the first dy is slight, therefter it ws rpid rehing only 1% of the originl protein ontent on dy 6 (NITSAN et l., 1991). The urrent study shows tht L-rnitine supplementtion in drinking wter during the first week of hik life leds to fst utiliztion of yolk s ontent. This result is in the line with report of ZHAI et l. (28) who pointed out tht high onentrtion of L-rnitine in the yolk of hthing eggs enourges the utiliztion of ft. Aording to BIGOT et l. (21), the rte of yolk s ontent sorption is minly relted to intensive peristlti tivity. It n e hypothesized tht L-rnitine inreses peristlti tivity tht is involved in yolk s ontent sorption. Moreover, it is well known tht L-rnitine is involved in ft metolism (RABIE nd SZILAGYI, 1998). Interestingly, supplementtion of L-rnitine in drinking wter redued proportion of hiks with moridity signs suggesting tht quik onsumption of yolk my provide enough energy to hiks in order to ope with new environmentl onditions. Also, sine yolk is the min site of immunogloulins deposition, it n e hypothesized tht redued moridity in L-rnitine supplemented hiks my e due to erly trnsfer of these immunogloulins. However, mehnism y whih supplement of L-rnitine in drinking wter improved moridity needs more investigtion. L-rnitine dministrtion deresed serum triglyeride levels during the first two weeks of ge. Moreover, the derese ws more pronouned in LC6 group onfirming tht L-rnitine is gretly involved in ft metolism. This result is in the line with reports of SAYED et l. (21), LIEN nd HORNG (21) nd BUYSE et l. (21) who pointed out tht inorportion of L-rnitine in roiler diet deresed serum onentrtion of triglyerides. The negtive effet of L-rnitine on serum totl proteins levels during the first week of ge my e prtly explined y inresed moiliztion of proteins for growth during this stge. Surprisingly, L-rnitine dministrtion leds to high ody weight t the end of 7 d of rering nd oinides with period of dministrtion of L-rnitine. Also, hnges in ody weight followed extly the sme trend s serum totl protein levels suggesting tht the low protein levels in the L-rnitine supplemented hiks my e onsequene of utiliztion of proteins for growth. Indeed, high ody weight t the end of 7 d n e due to positive effet of L-rnitine of yolk lipoproteins utiliztion. With regrd to feed intke, this study pointed out tht supplementtion of L-rnitine in drinking wter improves feed effiieny up to d. This improvement in feed effiieny my e linked to etter utiliztion of yolk s ontent for mintenne nd for juvenile growth. It is onluded tht L-rnitine supplementtion in drinking wter leds to quik utiliztion of yolk s ontent improved in dose dependent wy, nd my hene e onsidered for improving erly post-hth performne. Aknowledgments This work ws supported y Flemish Interuniversity Counil (VLIR) (ZEIN 26 PR 32). The uthors thnk KUL, RUG nd UL for filitting projet tivities implementtion. Summry In young hiks, L-rnitine supplementtion during the strter stge my led to fster utiliztion of yolk s ontent nd hene improvement of juvenile performne. To evlute possile dose effets of L-rnitine supplementtion in drinking wter on juvenile lyer-type hik performne, totl of 684 Hisex Brown lyer hiks were studied. The hiks were divided into three groups of 228 hiks eh, nmely 1) ontrol group (Cont), 2) hiks with supplementtion of 3 mg of L-rnitine per liter of drinking wter (LC3) nd 3) hiks with supplementtion of 6 mg of L-rnitine per liter of drinking wter (LC6). Within eh group, hiks were divided into two replitions of 1 eh nd were rered up to d of ge. Smple of hiks used to ollet lood nd to weigh yolk s t 1, 7 nd d of ge. Results indite tht, yolk s utiliztion, moridity nd serum onentrtion of triglyeride deresed signifintly with inresing dose of L-rnitine (P <.5). The derese in triglyeride onentrtion lsted up to d of ge not understnding the ft tht L-rnitine supplementtion overed only the first 7 d. Serum totl protein levels or hik ody weights, respetively, were lower or higher in L-rnitine supplemented hiks ompred to ontrol group (P <.5) only during the period of dministrtion. It is onluded tht L-rnitine supplementtion in drinking wter influenes hik juvenile performne prmeters nd this is in reltionship to yolk s onsumption nd lood iohemil prmeters. Key words Lyer hik, L-rnitine supplementtion, yolk utiliztion, prodution prmeters Zusmmenfssung Einfluss einer L-Crnitin-Zulge zum Trinkwsser uf die Entwiklung von Legehennenküken in der Strterphse Bei jungen Küken knn der Zustz von L-Crnitin in der Strterphse den Verruh des Dottersks eshleunigen und somit die Jugendentwiklung günstig eeinflussen. Zur Untersuhung der Zusmmenhänge zwishen der Verreihung von L-Crnitin üer ds Trinkwsser und der Entwiklung von Legeküken in der Strterphse wurden 684 Hisex Brun Eintgsküken verwendet. Die Küken wurde uf drei Behndlungsgruppen mit je 228 Küken ufgeteilt: 1) Kontrolle (Cont), 2) Zustz von 3 mg L-Crnitin/L Trinkwsser, 3) Zustz von 6 mg L-Crnitin/L Trinkwsser. Innerhl der Behndlungsgruppen wurden die Küken uf je zwei Wiederholungen 112 Küken ufgeteilt und is zum. Leenstg ufgezogen. Am 1., 7. und. LT wurde von einer Stihproe Blut gesmmelt und ds Dottergewiht estimmt. Mit der Höhe des Zustzes n L-Crnitin zum Trinkwsser nhm die Verwertung des Dottersks signifiknt zu und die Moridität sowie die Serum-Triglyzerid-Konzentrtion signifiknt (P <,5). Der Rükgng der Serum-Triglyzerid-Konzentrtion hielt is zum. Leenstg n, owohl die L-Crnitin-Zulge nur is zum 7. LT erfolgte. Die Serum-Gesmteiweiß-Konzentrtion wr ei den L-Crnitin-Behndlungen nur während der Zulgeperiode geringer und ds Körpergewiht höher ls ei der Kontrollgruppe (P <,5). Es knn dher der Shluss gezogen wer- Arh.Geflügelk. 2/21

5 12 Nououkpo et l.: L-Crnitine supplementtion nd prodution prmeters den, dss eine Zulge von L-Crnitin zum Trinkwsser ei Küken in den ersten Leenstgen die Entwiklung günstig eeinflusst. Diese Effekte sind eim Verruh des Dottersks und nhnd von Blutprmetern sihtr. Stihworte Legehennenküken, L-Crnitin-Zulge, Dotterverruh, Entwiklung Arevition keys LC3: Chiks with supplementtion of 3 mg of L-rnitine per liter of drinking wter; LC6: hiks with supplementtion of 6 mg of L-rnitine per liter of drinking wter. Referenes ANTHONY, N.B., E.A. DUNNINGTON, P.B. SIEGEL, 1989: Emryo growth of norml nd dwrf hikens from lines seleted for high nd low ody weight. Arh. Geflugelkd. 53, ARSLAN, C., 26: L-Crnitine nd its use s feed dditive in poultry feeding review. Rev.Med. Vet-Toulouse. 157, BIGOT, K., S. TESSERAUD, M. TAOUIS, M. PICARD, 21: Posthth feeding nd erly development in roiler hiks. Prod. Anim., BUYSE, J.G., P.J. JANSSENS, E. DECUYPERE, 21: The effets of dietry L-rnitine supplementtion on the performne, orgn weights nd irulting hormone nd metolite onentrtions of roiler hikens rered under norml or low temperture shedule. Br. Poult. Si. 42: CHRISTENSEN, V.L., 21: Development during the first seven dys post-hthing. Pges in Perspetives in Fertilistion nd Emryoni Development in Poultry. G.K. Bggott, M.R. Bkst, R. Bellirs, V.L. Christensen, G.M. Fsenfko nd J.M. Strk, ed. Rtite Conferene Books, Oxford. HEO, K.N., J. ODLE, X. LIN, T. VAN KEMPEN, K. HANIN, 21: Determintion of rnitine renl threshold nd effet of medium-hin triglyerides on rnitine profiles in new orn pigs. J. Anim. Si., LATOUR, M.A., E.D. PEEBLES, C.R. BOYLE, J.D. BRAKE, T.F. KELLOGG, 1995: Chnges in serum lipid, lipoprotein nd ortiosterone onentrtions during neontl hik development. Biol. Neonte. 67, LIEN, T.N., Y.M. HORNG, 21: The effet of supplementry dietry L-rnitine on growth performne, serum omponents, rss trits nd enzyme tivities in reltion to ftty id oxidtion of roiler hikens. Br. Poult. Si. 42, NITSAN, Z., G. BEN-AVRAHAM, Z. ZOREF, I. NIR, 1991: Growth nd development of the digestive orgns nd some enzymes in roiler hiks fter hthing. Br. Poult. Si. 32, NOBLE, R.C., D. OGUNYEMI, 1989: Lipid hnges in the residul yolk nd liver if the hik immeditely fter hthing. Biol. Neonte. 56, NOY, Y., D. SKLAN, 1998: Yolk utilistion in the newly hthed poult. Br. Poult. Si. 39, PUVADOLPIROD, S., J.R. THOMPSON, J. GREEN, M.A. LATOUR, J.P. THAXTON, 1997: Influene of yolk on lood metolites in perintl nd neontl hikens. Growth Develop. Aging. 61, RABIE, M.H., M. SZILAGYI, 1998: Effets of L-rnitine supplementtion of diet differing in energy levels on performne, dominl ft ontent, nd yield nd omposition of edile met of roilers. Brit. J. Nutr. 8, REBOUCHE, J.R., 1992: Crnitine funtions nd requirements during the life yle. Fse J. 6, ROMANOFF, A.L., 196: The vin emryo. Struturl nd funtionl development. The Mmilln ompny, New York (USA), 135p. SAYED, A.N., H.K. SHOEIB, H.A. ABDEL-RAHEEM, 21: Effet of dietry L-rnitine on performne of roiler hikens fed on different levels of ft. Assiut Vet. Med. J. 45, UNI, Z., R.P. FERKET, 24: Methods for erly nutrition nd their potentil. World Poultry Si. J. 6, XU, Z.R., M.Q. WANG, H.X. MAO, X.A. ZHAN, C.H. HU, 23: Effets of L-rnitine on growth performne, rss omposition nd metolism of lipids in mle roilers. Poult. Si. 82, ZHAI, W., S.L. NEUMAN, M.A. LATOUR, P.Y. HESTER, 28: The effet of Mle nd Femle supplementtion of L-rnitine on reprodutive trits of White Leghorns. Poult. Si. 87, Correspondene: K. Ton, Lortory of Poultry Siene, Fulty of Siene, University of Lome, B.P Lome, Togo. E-mil: jk_ton@yhoo.om; E. Deuypere, Lortory for Physiology, Immunology nd Genetis of Domesti Animls, Deprtment of Biosystems, K.U. Leuven, Belgium. E-mil: eddy.deuypere@iw.kuleuven.e Arh.Geflügelk. 2/21