The effect of feed additive supplementation in broiler diet on performance and α tocopherol

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1 Interntionl Journl of Biosienes IJB ISSN: (Print) (Online) Vol. 13, No. 5, p , 2018 RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS The effet of feed dditive supplementtion in roiler diet on performne nd α toopherol Nghm Adlteef Rsheed, Myd Fdil Muhmmd Puli Helth Deprtment, College of Veterinry Mediine, University of Bghdd, Irq Key words: Feed dditive, Broiler, performne, α-toopherol. Artile pulished on Novemer 18, 2018 Astrt The roilers represent the most importnt soure of met for Irqi onsumers, therefore, it is very impertive to study the effet of some Feed dditive supplementtion on some produtive performne for these roilers. This study ws rried out to explin the effet of different levels of Grpe pome, Rosemry nd Thyme supplementtion in roiler diet on some produtive prmeters nd α toopherol onentrtion in serum nd met. Two hundred nd forty one dy old (Ross-308) roiler hiks, hve een distriuted rndomly into four tretments eh one onsist of three replites nd eh replite ontined (20) hiks. All tretments fed sl diet. The first tretment s ontrol free from ddition (T1), the seond tretment (T2) ontined 6% Grpe pome, the third tretment (T3) ontined 6% Grpe pome nd 1% Rosemry, nd the fourth tretment (4) ontined grpe pome 6% nd 1% Thyme. The results of this study illustrted signifint differenes (P 0.01) in the seond, third nd fourth groups ompred with ontrol group onerning some produtive trits (live ody weight, weight gin, feed intke, feed onversion rtio). The result of α-toopherol showed signifint differenes (P 0.01) in the seond, third nd fourth tretments ompred with ontrol while the third tretment reorded signifint inrement(p 0.01) ompred with other tretments in oth serum nd met. In onlusion: the tretment ontined grpe pome 6% nd 1% Thyme showed the est results s ompred with other tretments. Corresponding Author: Nghm Adlteef Rsheed nghm_os88@yhoo.om 151 Rsheed nd Muhmmd

2 Introdution It is ommon informtion tht diet is mjor ftor in niml prodution, sine it does not only distress the helth nd yield of frm nimls, ut lso the ost of livestok produts. In reent yers, nturl iotive ompounds re omined to niml feed in order to improve io funtionl produts whih would enhne the effiieny, prodution nd welfre of livestok (Pinotti et l., 2014). The two min ims in poultry prodution re the elevted growth rte nd feed effiieny. In this sense, the gut is essentil orgn whih medites nutrient uptke nd use y the nimls hene, well-funtioning nd helthy gut is the sis of the est performnes of the irds (Kir, 2009). Feed dditives re signifint ingredients tht n progress the effetiveness of feed onsumption nd niml performne (Gudev et l., 2008). Some plnts, inluding severl essentil oils, hve een onsumed s nturl lterntive preprtions y some reserhers (Ceylon et l., 2003). Some reports hve shown tht mny plnt extrts n improve feed onversion rtio, inrese rss qulity, derese the mrket ge of roiler nd redue their rering ost (Jved et l., 2009). Additionlly, numerous studies hve desried deline in feed intke s the effet of the gret inlusion level (>1500 mg/kg) of phytohemil feed dditives nd the essentil properties of some omplexes, suh s strong odor nd flvor (Yn et l., 2011). The presene of α-toopherol in the orgnism of hikens is importnt for mintining optiml helth onditions (Bou, et l., 2004). Its level in lood is n importnt inditor, espeilly with regrd to prophylxis (exudtive dithesis, oedem disese, mlsorption syndrome, neroti dermtitis). Moreover, α-toopherol is highly effetive nturl ntioxidnt nd its presene within musle ell memrnes redues lipid oxidtion. A rised α- toopherol onentrtion in the feeding mixture lso enhnes feed onversion effiieny nd weight gin, nd dereses feed onsumption (Coetzee nd Hoffmn, 2001). Beuse of this reson, experts in niml nutrition re trying to find wys on how to produe s nturl nd qulittive food produts s possile (Vöko et l.,2005). The use of extrts from hers nd spies is very importnt step in niml feeding (Hernndez et l.,2 004). These extrts hve strong nt oxidtive, ntiteril, nd digestive effets. They help nimls to overome stress onditions, influene the miroorgnisms in the limentry trt, nd improve feed utiliztion (Botsoglou et l., 2002). The im of this study ws to investigte the effet of supplementtion of the roilers diet with severl extrts s feed dditive on performne nd α toopherol in serum nd met. Mteril nd methods The experiment An experiment ws rried out t the poultry frm of Veterinry College, Bghdd University. The experiment lsted for 35 dys from 13/11/2017 to 18/12/2017 dys. Two hundred nd forty dy old hiks (Rose 308) were divided rndomly into 4 tretments groups of (60) ird eh with 3 replite. The tretments were lloted to reeive the following diets: First tretment (T1) diet were fed norml sl diet free from ddition kept s ontrol, Seond tretment (T2) diet ws fed with ddition of (6% Grpe pome), Third tretment (T3) diet ws fed with ddition of (1% Grpe pome nd 1% Rosemry), Fourth tretment (T4) diet ws fed with ddition of (6% Grpe pome nd 1% Thyme). Chiks were rered in (1.5 m 1.5 m) floor pens with thik wooden shving litter system of (7 m). Feeding progrm Feeding progrm were indued ouple of diets (Strter nd finisher) whih lsted long for 2 periods (21,35)dys respetively. Diets of eh period inluded the sme ingredients nd omposition for ll diets throughout the experiments, diets were formulted to meet or exeed hiks requirements ording to Ntionl Reserh Counil (NRC, 1994) for tht hiks ges. Feed nd wter ws provided dliitum during the experiment. The omposition of the experimentl sl diets is given in Tle Rsheed nd Muhmmd

3 Vintion Chiks were vinted ginst Newstle Disese (ND), Infetious Bronhitis (IB) nd Infetious Bursl Disese (IBD). Performne trits Body weight ws determined throughout the experimentl diets periods. Feed intke ws reorded for the orresponding periods. At the end of the experiment, three hiks out of eh replite were rndomly seleted nd weighted to otin live ody weight. Blood smples were tken from the wing vein y using disposle syringe. Then dded in the glsses test tues without ntioguln, serum ws immeditely seprted nd kept overnight t 4 C (in the refrigertor), fter tht put it in entrifuge t (2300 rpm) for 5 minutes s reommended (Hrue et l., 2004) to seprte serum from the ellulr prt of lood, tht serum ws frozen t (- 20 C) nd Crsses from 3 irds per eh tretment were immeditely trimmed for rest Met smple nd eh smple pked seprtely in sterile polyethylene g then frozen nd stored t 20 C until required for nlysis the ontent of α-toopherol y HBLC. The Sttistil Anlysis System- SAS (2012) progrm ws used to effet of differene ftors in study prmeters. Dunn (1955) multiple rnge test (ANOVA) ws used to signifint ompre etween mens. in this study. Results Live ody weight(gm) There were signifint (P<0.01) inreses through the third of experimentl in T2 nd T4 groups s ompred with ontrol group, while the group T3 showed signifint differene s ompred with ontrol group. Tle 1. Composition of the experimentl diets. Ingredients (%) Strter (1-21) dy of ge Finisher (21-35) dy of ge Yellow orn Soyen mel Whet Protein onentrt 5 5 Lime stone Dilium phosphte Slt ( Nl ) Methionine (%) Lysine (%) Oil Totl Clulted hemil nlysis Metolizle energy (kl/kg) Crude protein (%) Methionine + Cytine Lysine phosphours Clium NRC (1994) Animl protein onentrte ontin (CP) 40%, (ME) 2100 kl/kg, Lysine 3.85, Metheonine + Cytein 4%,Clium 6.5, Phosphours 2.6. The tretments T2, T3 nd T4 reorded signifint (P<0.01) inrese in the live ody weight s ompred with ontrol group during Fourth nd Fifth s. The tretment T4 reorded the highest signifint (P<0.01) inrese s ompred with T2 nd T3 groups (Tle2). 153 Rsheed nd Muhmmd

4 ly Feed Intke (gm) The results showed tht there were signifint nd T4 groups ompred with ontrol group (Tle 3). (P 0.05) differenes ws noted in tretment T4 s ompred with ontrol group through the Third of experiment. On the other hnd the results displyed through Fourth nd Fifth s showed signifint (P 0.05) differenes in tretments T2,T3 Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) The results reorded signifint (P 0.05)nd (p<0.01) improved in Feed Conversion Rtio in treted groups ompred with ontrol group. Tle 2. The effet of different tretments on live ody weight (gm) of roiler(men ± SE). Age Tretments T1 Bsl diet T2 T3 Rosemry 1% T4 Thyme 1% Level of Sig. First ± ± ± ± 1.84 Seond ± ± ± ± 6.12 NS Third ± ± ± ± 9.04 Fourth ± ± ± ± Fifth ± ± ± ± Mens hving with the different letters in sme olumn differed signifintly. (P 0.01), NS: Non-Signifint. The First nd Seond s showed tht there were higher reorded signifint (P 0.05) nd (P 0.01) There were signifint improvement etween T2,T3 nd T4 ompred with ontrol. while the tretments improved in Feed onversion rtio in tretment T3 nd T4 reorded highest signifint (P 0.01) T2,T3 nd T4 s ompred with ontrol group. The results reveled signifint (P 0.05) regression in group T2 nd T4 in Feed onversion rtio s ompred to ontrol group through the Third. differenes ompred with T2 throughout Fourth. While the Fifth of experiment the results registered signifint derement of Feed onversion rtio in tretments T2, T3 nd T4 ompred with ontrol group (Tle 4). Tle 3. The effet of different tretments on ly feed intke (gm) of roiler (Men ± SE). Age Tretments T1 Bsl diet T2 T3 Rosemry 1% T4 Thyme 1% Level of Sig. First ± ± ± ± 8.69 NS 154 Rsheed nd Muhmmd Seond ± ± ± ± 8.35 Third ± ± ± ± 9.50 Fourth ± ± ± ± Fifth ± ± ± ± Mens hving with the different letters in sme olumn differed signifintly. (P 0.01), NS: Non-Signifint.

5 α-toopherol determintion The results reorded highly signifint (P 0.01) rises in α-toopherol of serum in ll tretments T2,T3 nd T4 (11.93 ±0.72, ±1.27, ±0.65) respetively ompred with ontrol group (3.40 ±0.11). while the tretment T3 pplied signifint (P 0.01) inrese in α-toopherol of serum thn the tretments T2 nd T4.The results of α-toopherol in rest musles reorded signifint (P 0.01) inrese in ll tretments T2,T3 nd T4 (4.06 ±0.38, ±0.70, 6.30 ±0.52) respetively ompred with ontrol group (1.95 ±0.21). ). While the tretment T3 pplied signifint (P 0.01) inrese in α-toopherol of musles thn the tretments T2 nd T4 (Tle 5). Tle 4. The effet of different tretments on ly feed onversion rtio of roiler (Men ± SE). Age Tretments First Seond Third Fourth Fifth T1 Bsl diet 1.97 ± ± ± ± ± 0.15 T ± ± ± ± ± 0.04 T ± 0.07 ± 0.05 ± 0.11 ± 0.08 ± 0.06 Rosemry 1% T ± ± ± ± ± 0.06 Thyme 1% Level of Sig. Mens hving with the different letters in sme olumn differed signifintly. (P 0.01), NS: Non-Signifint. Disussion Results showed tht hiks fed mixture of grpe pome nd thyme hd signifint role on growth nd helth of hik, this positive effet my e due to the improvement in digestion nd sortion in digestive system. Essentil oils nd relted omponents derived from pome nd thyme hve een widely used for the ppetizing nd stimulting effet on digestion. Suh mterils hve trditionlly een used to stimulte the prodution of endogenous seretions in the smll intestine muos, pnres, liver, nd thus id digestion. These results were in greement with Mnsou (2011) who found tht herls plnts hve stimultory effets on pnreti seretions suh s digestive enzymes whih help to digest nd sor more mino ids from digestive trt (Lee et l., 2004). The improvement in ody weight of roilers hieved with 5 g thyme ould e ttriuted to its positive effet on nutrient digestiility, s reported y Lnghout, (2000). Other ftors whih ould hve ontriuted to the enefiil effets of the herl produts on the growth performne of irds re their prole ntioxidnt nd ntiteril effets in the intestine (Nsimento et l., 2000). Mehnism of tion of herl produts whih founded y Skndmis nd Nyhs, (2001)there re suggestions tht they lter the permeility of the ell memrnes nd use destrution of the pthogeni teri. A wide rnge of spies, hers, nd their extrts re exert enefiil tions on them digestive trt, suh s lxtive nd spsmolyti effets nd prevention from fltulene (Chrusiket et l., 2005). The inlusion of phytogeni ompounds redue pltility of diet due to pungent dour, whih depress the feed intke without hnges in ody 155 Rsheed nd Muhmmd

6 weight gin, leding to n improved FCR ( Windish et l.,2008). The results of the present study re greement with Sygo-Ayerdi et l., (2009) they reported tht the inlusion over 6% of grpe pme my redue feed intke nd ft digestion. Also, the urrnt results were in greement with Rhimi et l., 2011 ; Khn et l., 2012, they reported tht the extrt Thyme s feed supplements inrese the prodution performne (weight gin, feed onversion, egg prodution nd qulity) of roilers nd lying hens, lso Boluksi nd Erhn (2007) found tht the dietry supplementtion of thyme t the level of % led to improvements of FCR nd egg prodution ssoited with deline of E. oli onentrtion in fees. Tle 5. The effet of different tretments on α-toopherol in serum nd met of roiler (Men ± SE). Smples Tretments Serum Met T1 Bsl diet 3.40 ± ± 0.21 T ± ± 0.38 T ± 1.27 ± 0.38 Rosemry 1% T ± ± 0.52 Thyme 1% Level of Sig. Mens hving with the different letters in sme olumn differed signifintly. (P<0.01), NS: Non-Signifint. The results of the present study re disgreement with previous oservtions tht indited hers, plnt extrts, essentil oil nd/or the min omponents of the essentil oil tht did not ffet ody weight gin, feed intke or feed effiieny in roilers (Hernndez et l., 2004). The inlusion of 0.2% thyme leves in roiler diets hd no effets on ody weight gin, feed intke or feed onversion rtio( Ok et l., 2008), lso Cross et l., (2007) reported tht the performne prmeters of mle roilers were not improved when their diets were supplemented with 1% thyme. In roilers, oxidtive stress my our s onsequene of nutrition, inluding the ontmintion of feed with fungl toxins (Frnkič et l., 2008); high environmentl tempertures (Chee et l., 2005; Lin et l., 2006); nd severl pthologil onditions, suh s inresed tivity of the immune system (e.g., infetion, vintion), pulmonry hypertension, sites, nd oidiosis ( Georgiev et l., 2006). Minimizing oxidtive dmge through svenging free rdils medited oxidtive retions, my e one of the most importnt pprohes to prevent its hzrd's effet. The min mode of tion of different ntioxidnts re onsists of removl of free rdils(fr) y trnsfer n H tom whih stilizes FR nd eoming themselves low retivity, therey stopping the lipoperoxidtive hin (Fellenerg nd Speisky, 2006). 156 Rsheed nd Muhmmd

7 Reently mny studies were onduted to evlute the ntioxidnt tivities of dietry nturl nd syntheti ntioxidnts. Nturl ntioxidnts suh s hers re used s sustitute for syntheti ntioxidnts (Rdwn et l., 2008) nd re generlly elieved to e sfer, helthier nd less sujet to hzrds for humn nd nimls whih mke them useful s nturl niml feed dditives (Fixov nd Fix, 2008). Chmorro et l. (2015) lso showed tht dietry ddition of GP (10%) rehed similr protetive effet oserved with the ddition of vitmin E. The flvonoids present in grpe skin nd pome yproduts diretly svenge free rdils nd my lso regenerte α-t from its rdil form. Studies onduted y Frnk et l. (2006) showed tht dietry supplementtion with flvonoids queretin, tehin nd epitehin resulted in sustntil inrese in α-t onentrtions in lood plsm nd liver tissue of mle rts. These results re in greement with the reports of Brenes et l. (2010) who reported liner inrese in ntioxidnt tivity in grower nd finisher diets s well s in exret of irds fed on grpe seed extrts. Goni et l. (2007) nd Brenes et l., (2008) lso reported higher ntioxidnt tivity in hiken fed diets supplemented with grpe pome nd grpe seed extrt, respetively. The supplementtion of feed with rosemry lso inresed the α-toopherol level in lood nd met. Rosemry elongs to the sustnes with high ntioxidtive sustnes regenerte α-toopherol nd susequently inrese its level in the tissue(young et l.,2003). Supplementtion with toopherols hs some protetive role under stressing onditions (Che et l., 2005). It hs lso een proved tht toopherols ply role in growth, immunity nd in the protetion of iologil systems ginst oxidtive dmge in live nimls s well s in met nd met produts (Josen et l., 1995). Conlusion The dding of Grpe pome, Rosemry nd Thyme supplementtion in roiler diet led to enhnement of most of produtive trits. However, results onfirmed the tretment ontined grpe pome 6% nd 1% Thyme showed the est results s ompred with other tretments. Referenes Boluksi S, Erhn M Effet of dietry Thyme (Thymus vulgris) on lying hens performne nd Esherihi oli (E. oli) onentrtion in fees. Interntionl Journl of Nturl nd Engineering Sienes 1(2), Botsoglou NA, Florou-Pneri P, Christki E, Fletouris DJ, Spis AB. 2002Effet of dietry oregno essentil oil on performne of hikens nd on iron indued lipid oxidtion of rest, thigh nd dominl ft tissues. British Poultry Siene43, Brenes A, Viveros A, Goni I, Centeno C, Sur- Clixto F, Arij I Effet of grpe seed extrt on growth performne, protein nd polyphenol digestiilities, nd ntioxidnt tivity in hikens. Spnish Journl of Agriulturl Reserh 8, Brenes A, Viveros A, Goni I, Centeno C, Sygo-Ayerdi SG, Arij I, Sur-Clixto F Effet of grpe pome onentrte nd vitmin E on digestiility of polyphenols nd ntioxidnt tivity in hikens. Poultry Siene 87, Chmorro S, Viveros A, Reolé A, Ri A, Arij BD, Brenes AA Influene of dietry enzyme ddition on polyphenol utiliztion nd met 157 Rsheed nd Muhmmd

8 lipid oxidtion of hiks fed grpe pome. Food Reserh Interntionl 73, oxidtion in vitro. Journl of Lipid Reserh 47, Che BJ, Lohkre JD, Choi JY, Hn KN, Yong JS, Won HK, Prk YH, Hhn TW The effiy of vitmin E polyethylene glyol omplex on growth performne, hiken met qulity nd immunity in roilers. Journl of Animl Feed Siene 14, Ceyln N, Cifti I, llhn Z The effet o fsome lterntive feed dditive for ntiioti growth promoters on the performne nd gut miroflor of roiler hiks. Journl of Veterinry Animl Siene 27, Chee KM, Chung MK, Choi JH, Chung YK Effets of dietry vitmins C nd E on egg shell qulity of roiler reeder hens exposed to het stress. Asin-Austrls Journl of Animl Siene 18, Chrusik S, Pittler MH, Zingieris BD A omprehensive review on the ginger effet nd effiy profiles.phytomediine12, Frnki T, Sloir J, Rezr V The effet of vitmin E supplementtion on redution of lymphoyte DNA dmge indued y T-2 toxin nd deoxynivlenol in wened pigs. Animl Feed Siene Tehnologil 141, Georgiev NV, Koinrski V, Gdjev V Antioxidnt sttus during the ourse of Eimeritenell infetion in roiler hikens. Veterinry Journl 1724, Goni I, Brenes A, Centeno C, Viveros A, Sur-Clixto F, Reole A, Arij I, Estevez R Effet of dietry grpe pome nd vitmin E on growth performne, nutrient digestiility nd suseptiility to met lipid oxidtion in hikens. Poultry Siene 86, Gudev D, Popov-Rlherl S, Monevl P, Igntov M Effet of the proioti Lton on some iologil prmeters nd nonspeifi resistne in neontl pigs. Biotehnil Animl Husndry 24(1-2), Dunn DB Multiple Rng nd Multiple F- test. Biometris 11, Fixov Z, Fix S Biologil effet of rosemry essentil oil. Review. Foli Veterinry 52, Fellenerg MA, Speisky H Antioxidnts: Their effets on roiler oxidtive stress nd its met oxidtive stility. World s Poultry Siene Journl 62, Hernndez F, Mdrid J, Gri V, Orengo J, Megis MD Influene of two plnt extrt on roiler performne, digestiility nd digestive orgn size. Poultry Siene 83, Hrue TC, Whihrd JM, Lrsen CT, Pierson FW Plsm versus serum: speifi differenes in iohemil nlyti vlues. Journl of Avin Mediine nd Surgery 16, Frnk J, Budek A, Lundh T, Prker RS, Swnson JE, Lourenço CF, Ggo B, Lrnjinh J, Vessy B, Kml-Eldin A Dietry flvonoids with tehol struture inrese α-toopherol in rts nd protet the vitmin from Josen K, Engerg RM, Andersen JO, Jensen SK, Luridsen C, Sorensen P, Henkel P, Bertelsen G, Skisted LH, Jensen C Supplementtion of roiler diets with ll-r-lphor mixture of nturl soure RRR-lph-, gmm-, delt-toopheryl ette. Effet on vitmin E sttus of 158 Rsheed nd Muhmmd

9 roilers in vivo nd t slughter. Poultry Siene 74, Jved M, Durrni FR, Hfees A, Khn RU, Ahmd I Effet of queous extrt of plnt mixture on rss qulity of roiler hiks. ARPN Journl Agriulturl Biologil Siene 4, Kir SML The role of proiotis in the poultry industry. Interntionl Journl of Moleulr Sienes 10, Khn RU, Nikouseft Z, Tufrelli V, Nz S, Jvdni M, Luddio V Grli (Allium stivum) supplementtion in poultry diets: Effet on prodution nd physiology. World Poultry Siene Journl 68, Ntionl Reserh Counil Nutrient Requirement for Poultry.9th revised, Wshington. D.C., Ntionl Ademy Press, p Ok N, Erener G, Burk Ak F, Sungu M, Altop A, Ozmen A Performne of roilers fed diets supplemented with dry peppermint (Menthpiperit L.) or thyme (Thymus vulgris L.) leves s growth promoter soure Czeh. Journl of Animl Siene 53, Pinotti L, Krogdhl A, Givens I, Knight C, Bldi A, Beten V, Rmsdonk L, vn Woodgte S, Perez Mrin D, Luten J The role of niml nutrition in designing optiml foods of niml origin s reviewed y the COST Ation Feed for Helth (FA0802). Biotehnology Agron Soietl Environmentl 18, Lnghout P New dditives for roiler hikens. World Poultry 16, Lee KW, Everts H, Kppert HJ, Frehner M, Losnd R, Beynen AC Effet of dietry essentil oil omponents on growth performne, digestive enzymes nd lipid metolism in femle roiler hikens. British Journl of Poultry Siene 3, Lin H, Deuypere E, Buyse J Aute het stress indues oxidtive stress in roiler hikens. Comprtive Biohemistry nd Physiologil Prt A Moleulr nd Integrtive Physiology 144, Rdwn NL, Hssn RA, Qot EM, Fyek HM Effet of nturl ntioxidnt on oxidtive stility of eggs nd produtive nd reprodutive performne of lying hens. Interntionl Journl Poultry Siene 7, Rhimi A, Mirz Aghzdeh A, Dneshyr M Growth performne nd some rss hrteristis in roiler hikens supplemented with Thymus extrt (Thymus vulgris) in drinking wter. Journl Animl Siene 7(11), SAS. Sttistil Anlysis System Users Guide Sttistil. Version 9.1 ed. Inst. In. Cry. N.C. USA. Mnsou NH Comprison of effets of using Nettle (Urtidioi) nd proioti on performne nd serum omposition of roiler hikens. Glol Veterinrin 6(3), Nsimento GGF, Lotelli J, Freits PC, Silv GL Antiteril tivity of plnt extrts nd phytohemils on ntiioti-resistnt teri. Brzil Journl of Miroiology 31(4), Sygo-Ayerdi SG, Brenes A, Viveros A, Goni I Antioxidtive effet of dietry grpe pome onentrte on lipid oxidtion of hilled nd longterm frozen stored hiken ptties. Met Siene 83, Skndmis PN, Nyhs GJE Effet of oregno essentil oil on miroiologil nd physiohemil ttriutes of mined met stored in ir nd 159 Rsheed nd Muhmmd

10 modified tmospheres. Journl Appl. Miroiologil 91, Vöko L, Tulkov M, Köte R Metoli prmeters of lying hens nd prodution of eggs fter supplementtion of food rtion with higher ontent of PUFA from flx nd fish oil. Slovk Veterinry Journl 30, Windish W, Shedle K, Plitzner C, Kroismyr A Use of phytogeni produts s feed dditives for swine nd poultry. Journl of Animl Siene 86(E. Suppl.), E140 E148. Yn L, Meng QW, Kim IH The effet of n her extrt mixture on growth performne, nutrient digestiility, lood hrteristis nd fel noxious gs ontent in growing pigs. Livestok Siene 141, Young JF, Stgsted J, Jensen SK, Krlsson AH, Henkel P Asori id, α-toopherol, nd oregno supplements redue stress-indued deteriortion of hiken met qulity. Poultry Siene 82, Rsheed nd Muhmmd