Osama A. Saker., * Gmal.,I Mazyad., ** Adel M. El-Gamal** and Mohamed M Elseify. **

Transcription

1 Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Helth, 1 (1): (2015) Effet of dietry level on growth performne, rss hrteristis, intestinl miroflor, hemtologil Prmeters nd some iohemil hnges of growing Jpnese quil Osm A. Sker., * Gml.,I Mzyd., ** Adel M. El-Gml** nd Mohmed M Elseify. ** * Deprtment of iohemistry, nutritionl defiieny diseses nd toxiology Animl Helth Reserh Institute Kfr El-Sheikh.&** Deprtment of miroiology niml helth reserh institute Kfr El Sheikh Astrt A totl of one hundred nd twenty 1-dy-old pprently helthy Jpnese quil were seleted nd rndomly divided into 4 groups. Tretments were designed with four levels of rude (22.17, 24.2, 26.2 nd 28%) respetively to study the effets of dietry rude level on growth performne, rss hrteristis, intestinl miroflor, hemtologil prmeters nd some iohemil hnges of growing Jpnese quil. Results showed tht growth performnes prmeters signifintly improved s dietry rude level inresed.the results indited tht dietry level eyond 24% hs no enefiil effet on growth. Crss trits results reveled tht dressing perentge, rest musles nd leg musles were inresed signifintly s rude level inresed in the diet ut weights of liver, hert gizzrd nd dominl ft perentge were deresed signifintly. Intestinl miroflor ount reveled tht totl eroi teri, Coliform teri, Lti id terium nd Esherihi oli inresed signifintly s rude level inresed. Hemtologil exmintions results demonstrted tht hemogloin onentrtion, red lood ells ount, totl leuoyti ount, monoytes nd lymphoytes were inresed signifintly s rude inresed ut sophils, eosinophils nd heterophils were deresed signifintly. Serum nlysis showed tht totl, lumin nd gloulin in serum inresed signifintly s rude inresed. It ould e onluded tht dietry level of 24% rude is reommended for growth performnes nd eonomi effiieny of growing Jpnese quil euse of inresed dietry level eyond 24% % hs no enefiil effet on growth. Keywords: Blood hemistry, Crss yield, Dietry., Feed effiieny,hemtologil exmintion,jpnese quil Introdution The growing demnd of niml ould e met quikly y rering quil ommerilly within short period (Thoms nd Ahuj1989). The quils met hs more redued lories level nd higher level thn hiken nd duk met. The ft ontent is lower in quil thn in hiken nd duk met nd the proportions of vitmins (A, C, B2, B6, B12) nd minerls (C, Fe, P, K, Zn, Cu) re higher. ( Ionit et 563

2 Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Helth, 1 (1): (2015) l., 2011). Body weight,dily weight gin nd feed onverstion rtio improved (P<0.05) for irds fed medium nd high rud ompred with irds fed low rud in diet (Shrifi et l., 2011). Dressed rss s perentge of live ody weight ws mximum in quils offered high (Mosd et l., 2009)The musle (rest nd drumstik) yields were signifintly higher in irds fed the high diet ompred with those of the medium nd Low diets( Luddio et l., 2012). Higher level hs positively influened the prtiiption of the trenhed prts in the whole rss struture (rest, wings, thighs nd shnks ( Mru et l., 2011). Broiler fed low levels of hd hevier liver weight thn those fed diets with high level. ( Golin et l., 2010). Perentge of ft pd deresed s rude inresed in the diet (Ghhri et l., 2010). Totl, lumin nd gloulin in serum tended to derese with delining dietry levels (Tin et l., 2014). Inresing dietry level used inrese (P<0.05) in leuoytes whih ttriute to inrese (P<0.05) in lymphoytes( Toll, nd El-Ngr2008). Jpnese quil diets ontining su-optiml energy nd levels helped in reduing miroflr ount, prtiulrly pthogens nd in turn, improved quil performne nd immunity. ( Mohmed 2009). The higher dietry level enhned the ility of the irds to fe undesirle irumstnes. (Fthi et l., 2000). Dietry levels pper to influene the immune response levels of roiler hikens (Cheem et l., 2003 ). Therefore the present study ws perfomed to study the effets of dietry level on growth performne, rss hrteristis, intestinl miroflor, hemtologil Prmeters nd some iohemil hnges of growing Jpnese quil Experimentl groups: Mterils nd Methods A totl of 120 one dy old pprently helthy Jpnese quil were used in this experiment. They were otined from the Generl Egypt Poultry Orgniztion. They were divided into 4 equl groups. Eh group ws housed in seprte omprtment. Eh omprtment ws edded y fresh len wood shve forming deep litter of 4 m depth nd hnged every week. Eh omprtment ws provided with ontinuous lightening progrm, suitle feeder nd wter supply. Prophylti ntiiotis progrm mesures ginst the most ommon infetious teril nd virl diseses were rried out Experimentl feeding progrm: The present feeding tril ws lsted 6 weeks The diets were formulted ording to N.R.C. (1994) for Jpnese quil (tle 1) nd the pplied experimentl feeding design ording dietry rude level (tle 2) 564

3 Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Helth, 1 (1): (2015) Tle (1): lulted Physil nd hemil omposition of the experimentl diets used for feeding Jpnese quil. Physil omposition Yellow orn Soyen mel 44% Corn glutine 62% Dilium phosphte Lime stone Choline 60% Lysine Common slt Premix ** Chemil omposition% ME Kl/kg * Crude Clium Aville phosphorus Lysine Methionine + ystine Choline 22.17% 24.2% 26.2% mg/1kg mg/1kg , mg/1kg 28% mg/1kg.** The used premix ( Multivit Co. ) omposed of vitmin A IU, vitmin D IU, vitmin E mg, vitmin K mg, vitmin B mg, vitmin B mg, vitmin B mg, vitmin B mg, Niin mg, Biotin 50 mg, Foli id 1000 mg, Pntotheni id mg, Iron mg, Mngnese mg, Copper 4000 mg, Zin mg, Iodine 1000 mg, Colt 100 mg, Selenium 100 mg, lium ronte (CCO 3 ) rrier to 3000g 565

4 Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Helth, 1 (1): (2015) Tle : ( 2 ) The pplied experimentl design during the experimentl period. Group Diet 1 defiient feed group (22.17% ). i.e. diet ontin less thn reommended level of N.R.C. (1994) t s negtive ontrol. 2 dequte feed group(24.2% ) i.e. diet ontin reommended level of N.R.C. (1994) t s positive ontrol. 3 First higher level feed group( 26.2% ) 4 Seond higher level feed group (28% ) 2.3 Experimentl Prmeters: Growth performne mesurements: Feed intke nd ody weight of Jpnese quil were reorded weekly nd in umultive mnner for mesuring growth performne. Body weight ws lulted ording to (Vohr nd Roudyush, 1971). Body weight gin ws lulted ording to (Cstell nd Tiews, 1980) nd the feed onversion rtio ws lulted ording to (Ton, 1987) rss trits mesurements: At the end of the growing period (6 weeks), five irds were tken rndomly from eh group, weighed nd slughtered to omplete leeding nd weighed to determine dressing perentge, rest musle, leg musle, Adominl ft, hed, liver, hert, gizzrd weight nd their reltive weights to ody weight were reorded Isoltion nd enumertion of intestinl miroflor: Cel ontents of slughtered five quils per group were trnsferred under septi onditions into sterile plsti g, diluted with sline solution (1:10) nd homogenized in prepred sepsis physiologil sline, nd diluted from 10-1 to 10-8 fold portions fter dilution, 100 μl of eh smple ws plted onto the speifi medi. Nutrient gr medium ws used for totl eroi Bteril ount, fter inution eroilly t 37 C from 24 to 48 h (Swnson et l.,1992).mconkey gr medium ws used for Coliforms teri t 37 eroilly for 24 hours (Oxoid, 1992).Eosin methylene lue (EMB) gr ws used for E. oli inuted eroilly t 37 C from 8 to 12 h (Anonymous, 1992).De Mn-Rogos-Shrpe gr (MRS) ws used for ltoilli, ultivted in 3% CO2 tmosphere t 37 ºC for 48 h. (Gun et l., 2006).Numers of olony forming units (fu) were expressed s log 10 fu per grm. The results re given s rithmetil mens ± Stndrd Error (S.E.) The intestinl teril ontent ws enumerted y pour plte method (Quinn et l.,1992).s.s.gr for slmonell ultivtion t 37 eroilly for 24 hours. 566

5 Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Helth, 1 (1): (2015) Hemtologil Prmeters: Blood smples were olleted for estimtion of totl erythroyti ount (TEC), totl leuoyti ount (TLC) nd pked ell volume (PCV) ording to Stoskopf (1993). Hemogloin perentge (H%) ws ssessed ording to Drukin (1947), nd differentil leuoyti ount were determined ording to Shlm (1986) Serum trits: Serum totl ws determined ording to Doums et l., (1981), Serum lumin ws determined ording to Reinhold (1953), Serum gloulin ws determined y sutrt the totl serum lumin from totl serum ording to (Coles, 1974) nd Khlil ( 2000). Alumin/ gloulin rtio ws determined ording to (Sffinz, 2001) Sttistil nlysis: Sttistil nlysis ws mde using Anlysis of vrine test (ANOVA) followed y Dunn Multiple Rnge test (DMRT) to test the signifine etween different groups in studied vrile ording to (SAS, 2004). Results nd Disussion 3.1Growth Performne: The nlysis of vrine of otined dt showed in( tle 3 ). The results indited tht the finl live ody weight, ody weight gin nd feed onversion rtio of the groups fed on dietry levels of (24.2, 26.2 nd 28%) rude signifintly improved when ompred with the group fed on dietry levels of 22.17% rude.the results reveled tht dietry level of 24% rude is reommended for growth performnes nd eonomi effiieny of growing Jpnese quil. These results re similr to those oserved y Shrifi et l., (2011) who found tht ody weight,dily weight gin nd feed onverstion rtio improved for Jpnese quil fed medium nd high rud ompred with irds fed low rud in diet. This results re in greement with those otined y Jeong nd Ryu (2008) who fed roilers on 18, 19, 20, 21, nd 22% rude nd found tht the feed onversion effiieny signifintly improved in roilers fed with 21 nd 22% rude when ompred with 20% rude (P<0.05). The 22% rude treted group showed signifint ody weight inrese when ompred with other groups. The ody weight gin ws higher in 22% rude treted groups thn those 21 nd 18% rude treted groups. the present results re lso in ordne with Fthi et l., (2000) who reported tht there ws 6% inrese in ody weight ssoited with higher level of dietry in lol reeds of hiken. Our results re onfirmed y Khti et l., (2007) who oserved tht roiler quils fed on low diet reorded signifintly low feed onverstion rtio. 567

6 Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Helth, 1 (1): (2015) 3.2Crss Chrteristis: The sttistil nlysis of the otined dt re shown in( tle 4).The results reveled tht dressing perentge, rest musles nd leg musles were inresed signifintly s rude level inresed in the diet while weights of liver, hert gizzrd nd dominl ft perentge were deresed signifintly s rude level inresed.the previous findings re in greement with those otined y Mosd et l., (2009) who found tht dressed rss s perentge of live ody weight ws mximum in quils offered high.these results were similr lso to tht reorded y Mru et l.,( 2011) who reported tht higher level hs positively influened the prtiiption of the trenhed prts in the whole rss struture (rest, wings, thighs nd shnks. The present results re lso in ordne with El-Fiky et l., ( 2007) who oserved tht weights of liver, hert, gizzrd nd rss for hiks fed on low diet inresed ompred to those fed the optimum diet. These results disgree with those otined y Mosd et l., (2009) who reported tht dietry levels hd no signifint (P<0.05) effet on the internl orgn weights. In ontrst to Our results Bunhsk et l., (2005) fed hens on three levels of dietry (14, 16 nd 18%) nd found tht liver weight of hens fed 14% CP diet ws smller thn those of 16 nd 18% CP diets (P<0.05) whih my e relted to ge nd stge of prodution. 3.3Intestinl miroflor: Intestinl miroflor ount re illustrted in( tle 5 ).The results indited tht totl eroi teri, Coliform teri, Lti id terium nd Esherihi oli inresed signifintly s rude level inresed while Slmonell ws Nondetle. The previous result gree with those otined y Mohmed (2009) who found tht Jpnese quil diets ontining su-optiml energy nd levels helped in reduing miroflr ount, prtiulrly pthogens nd in turn, improved quil performne nd immunity. The results were supported y Zhou et l., (2015) who reported tht in reent yers, mny studies hve shown tht reduing dietry level nd supplementing syntheti mino ids is wy to redue the rte of dirrhe in wening piglets, nd proteting the intestinl struture nd funtion fter wening. This rtile reviewed the effets of low diets with lned mino ids on intestinl morphology, digestion nd sorption funtion, immune funtion, nd intestinl miroflor in wening piglets. 3.4 Hemtologil studies: Hemtologil exmintions of the lood smples re presented in (tle 6 ).The hemtologil exmintions of results reveled tht hemogloin onentrtion, red lood ells ount, totl leuoyti ount,monoytes nd lymphoytes were inresed signifintly s rude inresed.while sophils, eosinophils nd heterophils deresed signifintly s rude inresed. These results re in hrmony with those reorded y Toll, nd El-Ngr (2008) who stted tht inresing dietry 568

7 Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Helth, 1 (1): (2015) level for Egyptin lying hens used inrese (P<0.05) in leuoytes whih ws ttriute to n inrese (P<0.05) in lymphoytes. Our results gree lso with those otined y Jhnin. ( 2009) who found tht n inrese in dietry rude level of roiler hiks from 19 to 22.35% used n inrese (P<0.001) in the proportion of lymphoytes nd onsequently lower (P<0.05) heterophil-to-lymphoyte rtio. The previous findings ws onfirmed y Fthi et l., ( 2000) who reported tht the higher dietry level improved heterophil-to-lymphoyte rtio nd enhned the ility of the irds to fe undesirle irumstnes. These results disgree with those otined y Toll, nd El-Ngr(2008)who oserved tht heterophil ells numer did not signifintly differ whih my e relted to speies nd ge. 3.5 Serum trits: Dt onerned with the influene of dietry tretments on some serum trits re presented in( tle 7 ) The nlysis of vrine of the present dt showed tht totl, lumin nd gloulin in serum were inresed signifintly s rude inresed. The previous findings re in greement with those otined y Tin et l., (2014) who oserved tht totl, lumin nd gloulin in serum tended to derese with delining dietry levels. The present results re lso in ordne with Algwny et l., (2011) who found tht totl nd lumen of hens fed the high nd moderte diet were signifintly greter thn those of hens fed the low- diet Our results ws onfirmed y Bunhsk et l., (2005) who reported tht serum totl ws tended to inrese s levels inresed. CONCLUSION: It ould e onluded tht dietry level of 24% rude is reommended for growth performnes nd eonomi effiieny of growing Jpnese quil euse of inresed dietry level eyond 24% % hs no enefiil effet on growth. The higher dietry level improved rss hrteristis, hemtologil prmeters, serum totl, plsm lumin nd gloulin onentrtion while intestinl miroflor inresed with higher level. 569

8 Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Helth, 1 (1): (2015) Tle (3): Influene of dietry rude level on growth performne of Jpnese quil during experimentl period: prmeters Initil ody weight Cumultive Finl ody weight Cumultive Totl ody gin Cumultive Averge F.C.R. defiient feed group 22.17% (Negtive ontrol) 7.47± ± ± ±0.04 Group Adequte feed group24.2% (Positive ontrol) 7.43± ± ± ±0.06 First higher level feed group 26.2% 7.40± ± ± ±0.07 Seond higher level feed group 28% 7.41± ± ± ±0.08 Vlues re expressed s men ± stndrd errors. Mens in the sme row hd different letters signifintly differ t (P < 0.01)Numer=30 Tle (4): Influene of dietry rude level on rss trits perentge of Jpnese quil t the end of experimentl period (Reltive weight): Group Items defiient feed group 22.17% (Negtive ontrol) Adequte feed group24.2% (Positive ontrol) First higher level feed group 26.2% Seond higher level feed group 28% Dressing % Hed % Liver % Hert % Gizzrd % Brest Musles % Leg Musles % Adominl Ft % 67.74± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±2 0.89± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.12 Vlues re expressed s men ± stndrd errors. Mens in the sme row hd different letters signifintly differ t (P < 0.01)Numer=5. 570

9 Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Helth, 1 (1): (2015) Tle (5): Influene of dietry rude level on intestinl miroflor (log fu/g) of Jpnese quil t the end of experimentl period: intestinl miroflor Group defiient feed group 22.17% (Negtive ontrol) Adequte feed group24.2% (Positive ontrol) First higher level feed group 26.2% Seond higher level feed group 28% Totl eroi teri 11.40± ± ± ±0.60 Coliform teri 8.20± ± ± ±0.51 Lti id terium 7.40± ± ± ±0.55 Esherihi oli 5.20±7 5.80± ± ±7 Slmonell sp. N.d N.d N.d N.d Vlues re expressed s men ± stndrd errors. Mens in the sme row hd different letters signifintly differ t (P < 0.01) Numer=5 N.d: Non-detle 571

10 Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Helth, 1 (1): (2015) Tle (6): Influene of dietry rude level on hemogrm studies of Jpnese quil t the end of experimentl period: Items Hemogloin Conentrtion (gm/dl) Red Blood Cells Count ( m/ml ) Hemtorit (gm/dl) % Pltelets ount (/ ml) Totl leuoyti ount ( / ml ) MCV ( u3 ) MCH (Pg.) MCHC (%) Bsophils (%) Eosinophils (%) Heterophils (%) Lymophoytes (%) Monoytes (%) defiient feed group 22.17% (Negtive ontrol) Adequte feed group24.2% (Positive ontrol) Group First higher level feed group 26.2% Seond higher level feed group 28% 10.93± ± ± ± ± ±0.21 d 221 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.11 d 4.05± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.16 Vlues re expressed s men ± stndrd errors. Mens in the sme row hd different letters signifintly differ t (P < 0.01) Numer=5 572

11 Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Helth, 1 (1): (2015) Tle (7): Influene of dietry rude level on some serum trits of Jpnese quil t the end of experimentl period: Items Group defiient feed group 22.17% (Negtive ontrol) Adequte feed group24.2% (Positive ontrol) First higher level feed group 26.2% Seond higher level feed group 28% Totl Protein g\dl 4.84± ± ± ±0.10 Alumin g\dl d d 2.87± ± ± ±0.08 Gloulins g\dl 1.98± ± ± ±0.07 Alumin / Gloulin Rtio 1.46± ±0.04 7± ±0.05 Vlues re expressed s men ± stndrd errors. Mens in the sme row hd different letters signifintly differ t (P < 0.01) Numer=5 Referenes Algwny, M.; El-Hindwy, M. M.; Ali, A. A nd Solimn, M. M.( 2011):Protein nd totl sulfur mino ids reltionship effet on performne nd some loodprmeters of lying hens. Egyptin Journl of Nutrition nd Feeds. 14(3): Anonymous, (1992). A possile wy to ount oliform teri groups nd E. oli numers in feedstuffs nd diets: A possile numer (EMS). Turkish Offiil Newspper, n 21. Bunhsk, C.; Poosuwn, K.; Nukrew, R.; Mrkvihitr, K nd Choothes, A;( 2005): Effet of dietry on egg prodution nd immunity responses of lying hens during pek prodution period. Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene. 4(9): Cstell, J.D nd Tiews, K. (1980): Report of the EIFAC. IUNS nd ICES working group on the stndriztion of methodology in fish nutrtion reserh. Hmurg, Fedrl Repuli of Germny, EIFAC Tehnology, 36:

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14 Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Helth, 1 (1): (2015) Vohr, P. nd Roudyush, I. (1971): The effet of vrious levels of dietry on the growth nd egg prodution of otournix otournix jponi. Poultry Si. 50: Zhou Hu; Chen DiWen; Mo XingBing; He Ju; Yu Jie; Zheng Ping; Luo JunQiu nd Yu Bing(2015): Effets of low diet with lned mino ids on intestinl helth in wening piglets. Chinese Journl of Animl Nutrition;. 27(4):