Histone demethylase JMJD1A coordinates acute and chronic adaptation to cold stress via thermogenic phospho-switch. Abe et al.

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1 Histone demethylase JMJD1A coordinates acute and chronic adaptation to cold stress via thermogenic phospho-switch Abe et al.

2 a BAT 1 kb Ucp1 H3Kme3 H3K7ac (., ) (., ) -13 kb -. kb -. kb b scwat Chronic cold exposure to mice 3 H&E UCP1 c % input H3K9me ChIP, BAT Chronic cold exposure. RT n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. Actb -13 kb -. kb -. kb TSS d im-scwats ROS - ROS + e Relative expression Ucp1 mrna 3 * 1 NE ROS - ROS + f α-ucp1 μm ROS - ROS + NE 1 1 (h) h allele Targeting vector Targeted allele Ucp1 TCT 7 9 GCA GCA Neo Neo 9 i A A G T C T T C T G A G A A T K3 S S E N7 n ROS- ROS+ g j Body weight (g) OCR (pmoles min -1 per 1 cells) NE response ROS NE- NE+ KI/+ 3 1 P=.7 o O consumption (ml hr -1 ) bp 7 Maximum 1 k α-p-jmjd1a KI/+ (pser) NE * ** Cre mediated allele -...gtaaaacgcaagtctgcagagaataacggaagt...-3 bp PstI bp Point mutation : TCT (Ser) GCA (Ala) lox P exon ** l GCA Genotype Number (%) Jmjd1a 7 (.1%) Jmjd1a KI/+ 9 (.%) Jmjd1a 3 (.1%) Total (%) p BAT mm m 9 BAT mass (mg) 31 Jmjd1a KI ** A A G T C T G C A G A G A A T K3 S A E N Jmjd1a KO XY male XY female XX female q H&E UCP1 Y chromosome Male Female 1 3 NE - NE + Time (min) µm Supplementary Figure 1 Active histone marks on Ucp1 gene enhancers and promoter in BAT (a), histology of scwat beige-ing exposed to chronic cold exposure (b), H3K9me levels on the enhancers/promoter of Ucp1 gene in BAT of mice following chronic cold exposure (c), characterization of immortalized scwat of mice (d-g), and generation of Jmjd1a-SA mice (h-q). (a) ChIP-seq profiles of H3Kme3 and H3K7ac on Ucp1 genomic region in mouse BAT were obtained from ENCODE/LICR histone modification data in the UCSC genome browser (NCBI/mm9 assembly). Light pink shadows highlight the enhancers as we reported previously (Abe et al. ). Scale bar, 1kb. (b) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and UCP1 staining sections of scwats from mice exposed to 3ºC or ºC for 1 week (bar, µm). (c) ChIP-qPCR showing H3K9me levels in BAT of mice exposed to RT or ºC for 1 week (7- week old male, n = ). (d) Oil red O (ORO) staining in im-scwats differentiated with or without rosiglitazone (ROS). (e) mrna levels of Ucp1 in im-scwats differentiated with or without rosiglitazone (ROS) treated with or without norepinephrine (NE, 1 µm) were measured by qpcr. The mrna values are depicted relative to mrna in im-scwats differentiated without ROS treated without NE, which are arbitrarily defined as 1 (mean ± s.e.m. of three technical replicates). (f) Immunoblot analysis of UCP1 and PPARγ in the time course of norepinephrine treatment (NE, 1 µm) in im-scwats differentiated with or without rosiglitazone (ROS). Equal loading of the proteins was confirmed by β-actin. (g) The metabolic profile of im-scwats differentiated with or without rosiglitazone (ROS) was assessed using a Seahorse XF extracellular flax analyzer. The parameters analyzed on the same plate are represented as norepinephrine (NE, 1 µm)-induced mitochondrial (left panel) and maximum mitochondrial respiration (right panel) (mean ± s.e.m. of five technical replicates). (h) Schematic diagram of the targeting strategy of SA mutation. Only the relevant restriction sites are indicated. Locations of the PCR primers (arrows) for genotyping are shown. (i) Direct sequencing of genomic DNA from mice distinguishes between () mice (Serine : TCT) and Jmjd1a-SA mice (Alanine : GCA). (j) An ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel illustrates PCR products for genotyping, Jmjd1a-SA KI/+ mice, and Jmjd1a-SA mice. (k) Subcutaneous white adipose tissues (scwats) were isolated from and Jmjd1a-SA male mice housed at ºC for 3 hr. Tissue homogenate from scwat and Jmjd1a-SA scwat were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) with anti-mjmjd1a followed by immunoblot (IB) analysis with anti-p-jmjd1a (pser). Uncropped images of the blots (f,k) are shown in Supplementary Fig.. (l) Genotype in pups (n = ) obtained by crossing Jmjd1a-SA KI/+ mice. (m) Quantification of XY male, XY female, and XX female (left panel). An ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel illustrates PCR product for identifying sex (right panel). The PCR product ( bp) by forward primer -AAGATAAGCT- TACATAATCACATGGA-3 and reverse primer -CCTATGAAATCCTTTGCTGCACATGT-3 was detected in male (Y chromosome). (n) Body weights of () and Jmjd1a-SA male mice (n = /group). (o) Norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg BW)-induced changes in O consumption of and Jmjd1a-SA mice acclimated to 3ºC for weeks (left). O consumption rates before and 3 min after NE treatment were analyzed (right) (n = /group). (p) Representative images (bar, mm) (left) and the weights (right) of BAT of () and Jmjd1a-SA mice described in (n) (n = /group). (q) Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and UCP1 staining sections of BAT from and Jmjd1a-SA mice (bar, µm). (c,e,g,n-p) Data are mean ± s.e.m. Student s t-test was performed for comparisons in c,e,g, right panel; n-p and analysis of variance were performed followed by Tukey s post hoc comparison in g, left panel. *P <., **P <.1 and P <. were considered statistically significant. n.s. not significant. bp

3 Jmjd1a Jmjd1a -/- Jmjd1a Jmjd1a -/- 3 H&E 3 Jmjd1a UCP1 α-ucp1 scwat BAT -/- -/ μm μm Supplementary Figure Impaired beige-ing of scwat in Jmjd1a-null mice by chronic cold exposure. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and UCP1 staining sections of scwats from () and Jmjd1a-null (-/-) mice exposed to 3ºC or ºC for 1 week (left and middle panels) (bar, µm). Tissue homogenate of scwats and BAT from these mice exposed to ºC were subjected to immunoblot analysis with anti-ucp1, anti-jmjd1a, or anti-pparγ (right). Uncropped images of the blots are shown in Supplementary Fig..

4 a Relative expression Nd1 Nd Nd Cytb Cox1 Cox Cox3 Atp Atp b OCR (pmoles min -1 per 1 cells) 1 1 NE Oligo Rot/Anti 3 Time (min) OCR (pmoles min -1 per 1 cells) 1 1 NE response NE - NE + c α-mjmjd1a sh-empty sh-jmjd1a Relative expression sh-empty mjmjd1a mrna sh-jmjd1a d sh- Empty sh- Jmjd1a ROS - ROS + e α-hjmjd1a α-mjmjd1a im-scwat sh s im-scwats Empty -hjmjd1a SA -hjmjd1a mjmjd1a hjmjd1a (ng) f j m Relative expression ORO SA MitoTracker SA SA g µm OCR (pmoles min -1 per 1 cells) Nd Nd Cytb Cox1 Cox Cox3 Atp Atp k Relative expression n NE- NE+ Relative expression SA Maximum SA 3 1 SA Ucp1 Cidea Pgc1a Prdm1 Ppara Coxb Pgc1b Bmpb Fgf1 Elovl3 SD Uncoupled ** SA Beige-selective genes h Cpt1b Nd Nd Cytb Cox1 Cox Cox3 Atp Atp Glycerol release (mm per mg protein) Adrb1 Adrb Pparg SA General adipogenic gene l i Relative Mt-DNA (normalized to Ppia) 1. SA 1.. Nd1 Nd Nd SA NE (hr) α-ucp Supplementary Figure 3 ps-jmjd1a cell autonomously induces beige adipogenesis. (a,b) Stromal vascular fractions (SVF) from scwat of or Jmjd1a-SA were cultured and induced for beige adipogenesis. (a) mrna levels measured by qpcr. The mrna values are depicted relative to mrna in culture, which are arbitrarily defined as 1 (mean ± s.e.m. of three technical replicates). (b) The metabolic profile assessed by Seahorse XF extracellular flux analyzer (left). The parameters analyzed on the same plate are represented as norepinephrine (NE, 1 µm)-induced mitochondrial respiration (right) (mean ± s.e.m. of five technical replicates). The arrows indicate time of addition for oligomycin (Oligo), FCCP, and rotenone/antimycin A (Rot/Anti). (c) Immunoblot (left) and qpcr analysis (right). The mrna values are depicted relative to mrna in im-scwats (sh-empty), which are arbitrarily defined as 1. Data are mean ± s.e.m. of three technical replicates. (d) Oil red O (ORO) staining in im-scwats expressing shrna targeting mouse Jmjd1a (sh-jmjd1a) or empty vector (sh-empty) treated with or without rosiglitazone (ROS). (e) Exogenous human JMJD1A expression level in im-scwat sh s was similar level to native JMJD1A in im-scwats. Aliquots of whole cell lysate prepared from im-scwats, im-scwats knocked-down Jmjd1a by shrna (im-scwat sh s) overexpressing or SA human JMJD1A, or control Zeo r -empty (Empty) along with the indicated amounts of recombinant purified human JMJD1A (full length) or His-tagged mouse JMJD1A (full length) proteins were subjected to IB analysis with anti-mjmjd1a antibody or anti-hjmjd1a antibody. (f) Oil red O (ORO) staining. (g) The metabolic profile of - and SA- hjmjd1a -transduced im-scwats differentiated with ROS assessed by a Seahorse XF extracellular flux analyzer. The parameters analyzed on the same plate are represented as norepinephrine (NE, 1 µm)-induced mitochondrial respiration (left), maximum mitochondrial respiration (middle) and uncoupled mitochondrial respiration (right) (mean ± s.e.m. of five technical replicates). (h) Glycerol release in - and SA- hjmjd1a -transduced im-scwats treated with NE (1 µm) for hr (mean ± s.e.m. of three independent experiments). (i) Mitochondrial DNA (Mt-DNA) content. The mt-dna values are depicted relative to mt-dna in - hjmjd1a -transduced im-scwats, which are arbitrarily defined as 1 (mean ± s.e.m. of three independent experiments). (j) MitoTracker staining in - and SA- hjmjd1a -transduced im-scwats (bar, µm). (k) mrna levels of beige-selective genes and general adipogenic gene in - and SA- hjmjd1a -transduced im-scwats differentiated with rosiglitazone were measured by qpcr. The mrna values are depicted relative to mrna in - hjmjd1a -transduced im-scwats, which are arbitrarily defined as 1 (mean ± s.e.m. of three technical replicates). (l) Immunoblot analysis of UCP1, PPARγ and JMJD1A in the time course of norepinephrine (NE, 1 µm) treatment in - and SA- hjmjd1a -transduced im-scwats differentiated with rosiglitazone. Equal loading of the proteins was confirmed by β-actin. Uncropped images of the blots (c,e,l) are shown in Supplementary Fig.. (m,n) mrna levels (m) or SD- hjmjd1a (n)-transduced im-scwats differentiated with ROS were measured by qpcr. The mrna values are depicted relative to mrna in - hjmjd1a -transduced cultures, which are arbitrarily defined as 1 (s.e.m. of three technical replicates). (b,g,h) Student s t-test was performed for comparisons in g, middle and right panels; h and analysis of variance were performed followed by Tukey s post hoc comparison in b, right panel; g, left panel. **P <.1 and P <. were considered statistically significant.

5 a Number of binding sites in BAT cells 13,39 11,,9 b PRDM1 JMJD1A (Total,71) (Total 7,397) Ucp1 H3K7ac (ISO -) H3K7ac (ISO +) PRDM1 JMJD1A (ISO -) JMJD1A (ISO +) * * * * ** * * Ucp1 Pgc1a H3K7ac (ISO -) H3K7ac (ISO +) PRDM1 JMJD1A (ISO -) JMJD1A (ISO +) * * * * * * * * Pgc1a Ppara H3K7ac (ISO -) H3K7ac (ISO +) PRDM1 JMJD1A (ISO -) JMJD1A (ISO +) H3K7ac (ISO -) H3K7ac (ISO +) PRDM1 JMJD1A (ISO -) Prdm1 * * * * ** JMJD1A (ISO +) Ppara * * * * * Prdm1 Adrb1 Cidea H3K7ac (ISO -) H3K7ac (ISO -) H3K7ac (ISO +) H3K7ac (ISO +) PRDM1 PRDM1 JMJD1A (ISO -) JMJD1A (ISO -) JMJD1A (ISO +) JMJD1A (ISO +) * * * * Adrb1 * * Cidea * c Input SA Input SD d e Input 1 3 f Number of binding sites in BAT cells Transcription factor Motif P-value PRDM1 (Total,71) 11, 1,1,1 CEBP 1.E-13,91,1 3,33 JMJD1A (Total 7,397) PPARγ 7.97E-1,7 EBF 7.E-9 PPARγ (Total,1) RXR, LXRβ.17E- HNF.7E- Supplementary Figure β-adrenergic signal induces ps-jmjd1a-pparγ-pgc1 protein complex formation. (a) Venn diagram shows the number of genome-wide DNA binding sites of PRDM1 and JMJD1A in brown adipocytes following the stimulation with β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (ISO). (b) ChIP-seq profiles for H3K7ac, PRDM1 and JMJD1A in brown adipocytes treated with or without β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (ISO, 1 µm for hr) on beige-selective genes. Red asterisks indicate ISO-dependent JMJD1A binding sites overlapped with those of PRDM1. (c,d) Whole-cell lysates (WCL) from -, SA - (c) or SD -hjmjd1a (d)-transduced im-scwats were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) with anti-v antibody followed by immunoblot (IB) analysis with either anti-prdm1, PPARγ, PGC1α or V antibodies. (e) WCL from () and Jmjd1a-SA scwat cultures was subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) using anti-jmjd1a antibody and immunoblotted (IB) with either anti-prdm1, PPARγ, PGC1α or JMJD1A antibodies. Uncropped images of the blots (c,d,e) are shown in Supplementary Fig.. (f) Venn diagram shows the number of genome-wide DNA binding sites of PRDM1, JMJD1A and PPARγ in brown adipocytes treated with ISO (left panel). Transcription factor binding motifs enriched in genomic regions within JMJD1A, PRDM1 and PPARγ bindings are listed in the right panel. Data for JMJD1A, H3K7ac and PPARγ were obtained from Abe et al., (Nat Commun, 7 ()) and PRDM1 from Harms et al., (Genes Dev 9, 9- ()) in a, b, f.

6 a Beige-selective genes FPKM Ucp1 Fabp3 Pdk 3 1 Cited1 3 Hadhb Slca Prdm1 Coxb Cpt1b Cpt 3 1 Elovl3 Pgc1a Cidea 1. Otop Ppara Fgf1 ROS - ROS + Days after induction General adipogenic genes FPKM.... Plin1 Plin Dgat Scd1 Scd Scd Scd Fasn Pparg Fabp Adipoq 3 Days after induction ROS - ROS + White-selective genes FPKM Igfbp3 Dpt Apcdd1 ROS - ROS + Days after induction b GO terms Cellular Component lipid particle peroxisome mitochondrion extracellular space mitochondrial inner membrane mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex mitochondrial nucleoid endoplasmic reticulum lumen mitochondrial envelope extracellular region log1 (FDR) GO terms Biological cess lipid metabolic process fatty acid metabolic process fatty acid beta-oxidation metabolic process acyl-coa metabolic process long-chain fatty acid transport negative regulation of lipid catabolic process oxidation-reduction process long-chain fatty acid metabolic process response to insulin 1 -log1 (FDR) Supplementary Figure Transcriptional changes associated with beige adipogenesis. (a) mrna levels for beige-selective genes, general adipogenic genes, and white-selective genes in im-scwats differentiated with or without rosiglitazone (ROS), as determined by RNA-Seq and are expressed as FPKM. (b) GO analysis of ps-jmjd1a dependent 1 beige-selective genes described in Figure a.

7 a ORO SD SD- H11Y SD SD- H11Y b FPKM FPKM FPKM Adha..1. Cidea 3 1 Ucp Rdh1 Lims Grb7 Rdh1-ps 31D17Rik Bex Ldhb 1 739M1Rik 9L11Rik mkiaa17 Ces1f AK Fndc Coxb Ppara Ucp3 Gys Plbd1 Acot...1. Krt L1Rik Rdh EG31 BC3 Plin Cpt1b Rdh9 Atp9a Aldh3b 3 1 Dmrtc Slcoa SD SD-H11Y c FPKM 1 Nrg Pank1 Coxb Prdm AK117 Otop Tmem Gm Chrna 3 1 3GRik Elovl Mel1 Fmo1 1 SD SD-H11Y Supplementary Figure Demethylation activity of JMJD1A is pivotal for beige-selective gene inductions. (a) ORO staining in -, SD - or SD-H11Y -hjmjd1a -transduced im-scwats differentiated with rosiglitazone (left panel). Whole-cell lysates from -, SD - SD-H11Y -hjmjd1a -transduced im-scwats differentiated with rosiglitazone were subjected to immunoblot analysis with anti-v antibody (right panel). Uncropped images of the blots are shown in Supplementary Fig.. (b,c) mrna levels for 7 genes that are beige-selective, SA down-regulated, and SD up-regulated as determined by RNA-Seq and are expressed as FPKM. Top 3 genes (b) of 7 genes reduced more than half in mrna expression from the SD-H11Y compared to the SD. The rest of 13 genes are shown in c.

8 a Plasma glucose (mg dl -1 ) 3 GTT (Glucose) Time (min) Plasma insulin (ng ml -1 ) GTT (insulin) Time (min) Plasma glucose (mg dl -1 ) 3 ITT Time (min) b scwat BAT Liver Insulin α-pakt S73 α-akt α-pakt S73 α-akt α-pakt S73 α-akt Soleus α-pakt S73 α-akt Supplementary Figure 7 Similar glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in Jmjd1a-SA mice and mice housed under thermoneutrality. (a) Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed in () and Jmjd1a-SA mice fed on a high fat diet (HFD) before cold acclimation (n = -7/group). Plasma glucose levels (left panel) and plasma insulin levels (middle panel) during GTT and plasma glucose levels (right panel) during ITT are shown. Data are mean ± s.e.m. (b) Assessment of insulin signaling, as quantified by the phosphorylation of AKT-S73, in scwat, BAT, liver or soleus muscle from and Jmjd1a-SA KI/K mice housed at room temperature before and 1 min after insulin injection (.3 unit). Uncropped images of the blots are shown in Supplementary Fig..

9 Figure 1a α-ucp1 BAT scwat 3 3 Figure 1b α-h3k9me BAT scwat hr hr hr hr Figure 1e α-ucp1 BAT scwat 3 3 BAT scwat 3 3 α-pan H3 BAT scwat hr hr hr hr BAT scwat 3 3 Figure 3a α-p-jmjd1a (pser) NE + + Figure 3j α-ucp1 SD NE + + SD SD NE + + α-total OXPHOS SD SD Figure 3c α-ucp1 α-total OXPHOS Figure b α-ucp1 3 α-β-actin Figure b α-p-jmjd1a (pser) SA - - Figure f SA - - SA - - SA - - α-ppraγ SA - - α-ppraγ Figure d α-ucp1 α-total OXPHOS Supplementary Figure Representative original images of immunoblot analysis

10 Figure g SA SA α-p-jmjd1a (pser) SA SA SA SA SA SA SA SA Figure 7d scwat BAT Soleus α-pakt S73 α-pakt S73 α-pakt S73 α-akt α-akt α-akt Supplementary Figure 1f α-ucp1 ROS - ROS + NE 1 1 (h) ROS - ROS + NE 1 1 (h) ROS - ROS + NE 1 1 (h) Supplementary Figure 1k α-p-jmjd1a (pser) KI/+ KI/+ Supplementary Figure α-ucp1 scwat BAT Jmjd1a -/- -/- scwat BAT Jmjd1a -/- -/- Jmjd1a -/- -/- scwat BAT Supplementary Figure 3c α-mjmjd1a sh-empty sh-jmjd1a Supplementary Figure 3e α-hjmjd1a im-scwat sh s im-scwats Empty -hjmjd1a SA -hjmjd1a mjmjd1a hjmjd1a (ng) Supplementary Figure 3i sh-empty sh-jmjd1a α-mjmjd1a im-scwat sh s im-scwats Empty -hjmjd1a SA -hjmjd1a mjmjd1a hjmjd1a (ng) α-β-action im-scwat sh s im-scwats Empty -hjmjd1a SA -hjmjd1a mjmjd1a hjmjd1a (ng) α-ucp1 SA SA SA SA NE (hr) 1 1 NE (hr) 1 1 NE (hr) 1 1 NE (hr) 1 1 Supplementary Figure Continued

11 Supplementary Figure c SA SA SA SA SA SA α-v (JMJD1A) SA α-v (JMJD1A) SA SA Supplementary Figure d α-v α-v (JMJD1A) (JMJD1A) SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD Supplementary Figure e Supplementary Figure a Supplementary Figure 7b SD SD-H11Y SD SD-H11Y scwat α-akt Insulin BAT α-akt Insulin α-pakt S73 Insulin α-pakt S73 Insulin Liver α-akt Insulin Soleus α-akt Insulin α-pakt S73 Insulin α-pakt S73 Insulin Supplementary Figure Continued

12 Supplementary Table 1 Details of the age and sex of mice Mouse Strain C7BL/N and Jmjd1a-SA () and Jmjd1a-null (-/-) Sex Age (weeks at starting point of the treatment) Figure Male Figure 1a,b Male 1 Figure 1c Male Figure 1e Male Figure 1f Male -1 Figure 1h Male -9 Figure 1j Male 7- Figure 1k Female 1-17 Figures a,b Male Figure c Female -9 Figure d Male 7 Figure e Male Figures 7a-d and Supplementary Figure 7a Male 9 Supplementary Figure 1k Male Supplementary Figure 1n,p,q Male -9 Supplementary Figure 1o Male 7-9 Supplementary Figure 7b Female -11 Figure d Male 13 Supplementary Figures 1b () and

13 Supplementary Table Antibodies Antibody Source Catalog No /Clone No anti-mouse JMJD1A Monoclonal Our laboratory -F1 anti-mouse JMJD1A Monoclonal Our laboratory -F31 Dilutions or concentrations μg ml -1 for IB, 1 μg ml -1 for IP μg ml -1 for ChIP (together with μg ml -1 of -F1 ) anti-human JMJD1A Monoclonal Our laboratory -F1 μg ml -1 for IB anti-p-jmjd1a (ps) Polyclonal Our laboratory #119-1: for IB anti-ppar Monoclonal Our laboratory -A39. μg ml -1 for IB anti-ppar Monoclonal Santa Cruz sc-773 (E-) anti-prdm1 Monoclonal Our laboratory -F111 anti-prdm1 Monoclonal Our laboratory -F13 anti-prdm1 Polyclonal R&D Systems AF9 μg ml -1 for ChIP (together with μg ml -1 of -A39) μg ml -1 for IB (used in Fig. f (input)) 1 μg ml -1 for IP (used in Fig. g) 1 μg ml -1 for IB (used in Fig. 3c and f (IP ppt.) and Fig. g, Supplementary Fig. c-e) anti-ucp1 Polyclonal Abcam ab193 1: for IHC anti-ucp1 Monoclonal R&D Systems MAB 1 μg ml -1 for IB anti-pgc1 Polyclonal Novus 1-7 1: for IB anti-total OXPHOS Monoclonal Abcam ab μg ml -1 for IB anti- -actin Monoclonal Sigma A1 1: for IB anti-v Monoclonal Invitrogen R9- anti-h3k9me Monoclonal Dr. Kimura -D11 1 μg ml -1 for IB, 1 μg ml -1 for IP 1 μg ml -1 for ChIP µg ml -1 for IB anti-histone H3 Polyclonal Abcam ab µg ml -1 for IB anti-akt Monoclonal Cell Signaling #91 1: for IB anti-pakt S73 Monoclonal Cell Signaling # 1: for IB

14 Supplementary Table 3 ChIP-qPCR primers ChIP-qPCR primers Gene Sequence Amplified Forward Primer Reverse Primer regions Actb '-TGAGGTACTAGCCACGAGAGA G-3' '-ACACCCGCCACCAGGTAAGCA-3' Actb (Intron 1) Ppib '-CTCACCCCAACTAGTCTAATC '-GTGACACACAGTGACTAACTT C-3' CC-3' Ppib (Intron 3) '-GCAACCCTCTCCCATCAGTG-3' '-GCCTAACACCGTGCTTCTCA-3' Ucp1 (-13 kb) Ucp1 '-TGCAACCCCTCACCTTTTAC-3' '-CTCCTTCCATCATCCCTTCA-3' Ucp1 (-. kb) '-TCACCCTTGACCACACTGAA-3' '-GTGAGGCTGATATCCCCAGA-3' Ucp1 (-. kb) '-TGCCAAGTCCCACTAGCAG-3' '-ACCCGTTAAGCCCAGATTG-3' Ucp1 (TSS) Ppara '-TGGCCGGGAGGAACTG-3 '-GGCAGGGACAATCTCTTTGTG-3' Ppara (-1 kb) '-GGCAGTCCCTTCACCTAACC-3' '-TCCTCGATGCCCATTTAGTG-3' Ppara (TSS) Cidea '-CACCGCTTCACTTTGTCCTTT-3' '-GAGCACCCGGTTTGACAGT-3' Cidea (-13. kb) '-CACGCACACCTGCTTCTCTA-3' '-GATGTTGGTGGCTCTTGTCA-3' Cidea (TSS)

15 Supplementary Table RT- qpcr primers RT- qpcr primers Gene Sequence Forward Primer Reverse Primer Ppib #1 '-GGAGATGGCACAGGAGGAA-3' '-GCCCGTAGTGCTTCAGCTT-3' Ppib # '-GCATACGGGTCCTGGCATCTTGT-3' '-ATGGTGATCTTCTTGCTGGTCTT-3' Nd1 '-GTTGGTCCATACGGCATTTT-3' '-TGGGTGTGGTATTGGTAGGG-3' Nd '-GCCTGGAATTCAGCCTACTAGC-3' '-GGCTGTTGCTTGTGTGACGA-3' Nd '-CGCCTACTCCTCAGTTAGCCA-3' '-TGATGTGAGGCCATGTGCGA-3' Cytb '-CCTTCATGTCGGACGAGGCTT-3' '-TGCTGTGGCTATGACTGCGAA-3' Cox1 '-TAGCCCATGCAGGAGCATCA-3' '-TGGCTGGGGGTTTCATGTTGA-3' Cox '-ACCTGGTGAACTACGACTGCT-3' '-CCTAGGGAGGGGACTGCTCA-3' Cox3 '-CTTCACCATCCTCCAAGCTTCA-3' '-AGTCCATGGAATCCAGTAGCCAT-3' Atp '-TGGCATTAGCAGTCCGGCTT-3' '-ATGGTAGCTGTTGGTGGGCT-3' Atp '-TTCCCACTGGCACCTTCACC-3' '-TGTTGGGGTAATGAATGAGGCAA-3' Ucp1 '-AAGCTGTGCGATGTCCATGT-3' '-AAGCCACAAACCCTTTGAAAA-3' Cidea '-GGTTCAAGGCCGTGTTAAGG-3' '-CGTCATCTGTGCAGCATAGG-3' Pgc1a '-AACCACACCCACAGGATCAGA-3' '-TCTTCGCTTTATTGCTCCATGA-3' Prdm1 '-GCACGGTGAAGCCATTCATATG-3' '-TCGGCGTGCATCCGCTTGTG-3' Dio '-GTCCGCAAATGACCCCTTT-3' '-CCCACCCACTCTCTGACTTTC-3' Cpt1b '-GCTGCCGTGGGACATTC-3' '-CTTGGCTACTTGGTACGAGTTCTC-3' Adrb1 '-GCTGGGAGTACGGCTCCTT-3' '-GCCGTCACACACAGCACAT-3' Adrb3 '-TCCTTCTACCTTCCCCTCCTT-3' '-CGGCTTAGCCACAACGAACAC-3' Pparg '-CAAGAATACCAAAGTGCGATCAA-3' '-GAGCTGGGTCTTTTCAGAATAATAAG-3' Adipoq '-CAGTGGATCTGACGACACCAA-3' '-GAACAGGAGAGCTTGCAACAGT-3' Coxb '-GCTGGCTGGACTCTGTCATT-3' '-GTACCAGGGCCTGCATAGTG-3' Pgc1b '-GAGGGCTCCGGCACTTC-3'-3' '-CGTACTTGCTTTTCCCAGATGA-3' Ppara '-ACAAGGCCTCAGGGTACCA-3' '-GCCGAAAGAAGCCCTTACAG-3' Elovl3 '-TTCTCACGCGGGTTAAAAATG-3' '-GGGCCTTAAGTCCTGAAACGT-3' Bmpb '-CACTTCCGCCGTGGAGC-3' '-GTGGGCTAAGACCCATCCTG-3' Fabp '-AGTGAAAACTTCGATGATTACATGAA-3' '-GCCTGCCACTTTCCTTGTG-3' Nrf1 '-TGCTTCAGAACTGCCAACCA-3' '-GGTCATTTCACCGCCCTGTA-3' Irf '-AGCTGCAAGTGTTTGCTCAC-3' '-GTCTGGCTAGCAGAGGTTCC-3' Tfam '-CCGAAGTGTTTTTCCAGCAT-3' '-GGCTGCAATTTTCCTAACCA-3' Fgf1 '-CCTCTAGGTTTCTTTGCCAACAG-3' '-AAGCTGCAGGCCTCAGGAT-3'